In the next issue of the newspaper, the imperial edict published an edict urging invention and creation, which contained Zhu Youxiao's speech to the Ordnance Bureau.
Of course, after the revisions of Xu Guangqi and Ye Xianggao, the speech has changed beyond recognition, but the main idea has not changed at all.
Moreover, there is a paragraph in the editor's note: According to the imperial edict, the Patent Institute was established in the capital and Nanzhili.
The inventions and creations of people all over the country can be appraised in the patent institute, and those who want to invent and create only need to propose an idea, and after review After passing the qualification, creative funds can be provided, but corresponding mortgages are required.
If you do not have or are unwilling to mortgage, you can conduct research at the Jingshi Research Institute, which will provide all the required expenses.
The establishment of the Patent Institute was in progress, and Zhu Youxiao was working on the unification of weights and measures at this time.
First, he created the modern balance.
Because of the existence of scales, people in the Ming Dynasty easily understood the balance.
After making the scale, Zhu Youxiao asked the Ordnance Bureau to forge a one-pound steel block, which was carefully weighed on the scale.
Then he made steel blocks worth one tael and one cent.
The units of length and volume were treated similarly, and steel rulers were created.
The smallest unit was centimeters, followed by minutes, inches, and feet.
A liter, a heap, a spoon, and a handful of steel blocks were created.
Zhu Youxiao ordered a set of steel blocks and steel rulers to be sent to each Chief Secretary so that various places could calibrate their weighing instruments.
The Ordnance Bureau continued to produce steel blocks weighing one cent and one centimeter.
With the current ability, reaching one centimeter is already the limit.
By this time, the glass factory had already built the glass tube containing mercury.
Zhu Youxiao asked people to put the glass tube into the ice-water mixture and engraved the mark, and then put it into the boiling water and engraved the mark again.
Then divide the middle section into one hundred smaller sections, thus becoming a Celsius thermometer.
Of course, this thermometer is obviously not called a Celsius thermometer, Zhu Youxiao calls it a thermometer.
Using this method, a thermometer of 500 degrees can be made.
Of course, the steam temperature of the steam engine has not yet reached 500 degrees, so it should be enough for a short period of time.
Unified weights and measures play an extremely important role in the economy and scientific research.
Zhu Youxiao wants to have the whole country use unified weights and measures.
Of course, this is a gradual process.
It is unrealistic to promote it within ten or eight years.
But Zhu Youxiao believes that it is not difficult to use unified weights and measures when conducting scientific research.
And Zhu Youxiao asked Mao Yuanyi to run a new newspaper, called Daming Science Journal.
This is an internal newspaper with a very small distribution range, mainly covering the Research Institute of the Capital University and the Ordnance Bureau.
In the first issue of the journal, first of all An introduction to what science is.
Science refers to learning by subject, and refers to the study of various knowledge through detailed classification to form a gradually complete knowledge system.
It is the knowledge about the practice of discovery, invention and creation, and is the general name of the knowledge system for human exploration, research and understanding of the laws of change of all things in the universe.
Science is a system of orderly knowledge based on testable explanations and predictions about the form, organization, etc. of objective things.
Science also refers to the subject itself of knowledge that can be reasonably explained and reliably applied.
This explanation is rather confusing, but Zhu Youxiao really couldn't think of how to translate it in classical Chinese, and Xu Guangqi's translation would make ordinary people unable to understand what it meant, so he simply explained it in vernacular.
Perhaps due to the influence of scientific explanations, Science Newspaper is written in vernacular throughout.
In the first issue of the newspaper, Zhu Youxiao proposed that the general principles that scientific research methods should follow are: 1.
Openness of research procedures; 2.
Objectivity of data collection; 3.
Controllability of observation and experimental conditions; 4. , The systematicness of the analysis method; 5.
The reproducibility of the conclusions obtained; 6.
The predictability of the future.
As for scientific research methods, Zhu Youxiao also wrote a special article to explain them.
He believes that in conducting scientific research, the first step is to recognize the existence of the problem.
For example, when studying the motion of an object, you should first pay attention to why the object moves as it does, that is, why the object moves faster and faster under certain conditions and accelerates under another condition.
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Next, it will run slower and slower and decelerate.
The second is to find out the non-essential aspects of the problem and eliminate them.
For example, the smell of an object has no effect on the motion of the object.
The third is to collect all the data you can find related to this problem.
For example, you can intentionally make some balls roll down some inclined surfaces; when doing this, you can use balls of various sizes, change the surface properties of the balls, change the inclination of the inclined surfaces, and so on.
This intentionally designed situation is an experiment.
The fourth is that with these collected data, some preliminary generalizations can be made in order to explain them as concisely as possible, that is, using some concise language or some mathematical relationship to summarize them.
This is also a hypothesis or hypothesis.
Fifth, after you have a hypothesis, you can make inferences about the results of experiments you had not planned to conduct before.
Next, you can start running these experiments to see if your hypothesis holds true.
Sixth, if the experiment obtains the expected results, then your hypothesis will have a strong factual basis and may become a theory or even a "law of nature."
Zhu Youxiao summed it up with one sentence: Make bold assumptions and verify carefully.
This is the basic method of scientific research.
There is so much knowledge in this world that we don’t understand, and we can all understand it through scientific research methods.
Zhu Youxiao understood that his intelligence was at an average level at best.
Compared with the people of Ming Dynasty, he only had more knowledge.
Therefore, he wanted to give full play to the little thing that made him stronger than this generation, and combine it with the ingenuity of the people of Ming Dynasty to make great progress in the scientific and technological level of Ming Dynasty.
He called on everyone to focus on studying the laws of nature.
Some things that are commonplace in daily life actually have profound truths in them.
Studying things to achieve knowledge is an important way for saints to teach everyone to explore the truth.
As long as we understand all the principles in the world, we can better understand the world.
One day, no candles will be needed for lighting lamps, and no cattle and horses will be needed for plowing the land, and the people of Ming Dynasty will be able to live as good a life as the Three Generations.
The purpose of the Daming Science Journal is to allow everyone to come up with fantastic ideas and exchange their research experiences with each other, hoping that everyone's ideas will collide and create new sparks.
Scientific research is a long-term process, but communication is very important.
In the first issue of the newspaper, part of Galileo's Dialogues on Floating Bodies was published, and the missionaries promised that every time priests from Europe would bring the latest books to the Ming Dynasty, they would corroborate the research work of the Ming Dynasty
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