Alexander completed all his education at the age of nineteen.He studied mathematics, physics, geography, history, Orthodox theology, political economy, law and foreign languages, and mastered four foreign languages: English, German, French and Polish.It can be said that Alexander received the best education compared to all the previous Russian emperors.In 1855, Alexander succeeded to the throne and became the eleventh emperor of the Russian Empire, known as Alexander II.Alexander II recognized that the problems exposed by the Russian army in the Crimean War were, in essence, the problem of the backwardness of the Russian industrial and political system with the rest of the European continent.Based on this judgment, it is imperative to reform Russia's outdated political and economic system.The first thing that needed to be abolished was serfdom.90 percent of the population of Russia were serfs, completely tied to the land, very inefficient, and seriously hampered the development of capitalism based on free wage labour.But serfdom was so closely intertwined with the basis of Tsarist Russia for centuries that many far-sighted lords, including Peter I and Catherine II, did not dare to open this Pandora's box.This point is so similar to China, President Meng has been following Alexander II on the road, but President Meng and Alexander II are in different classes, President Meng represents the emerging big bourgeoisie, and Alexander II represents the big landlord class, the royal family, and will always be the largest landlord, so this kind of bourgeois change is the most painful, the slowest, and even, it is very likely to be aborted.President Meng himself represents the big bourgeoisie, while the Huacui Party is composed of workers as the main body, representing the representatives of emerging industrial workers, who yearn for a society and life with a free and equal legal system.History has placed the blame on Alexander II, and after the Crimean War, the Russian serf revolt grew stronger and stronger, and the problem was further aggravated by the delay in reform.In fact, Alexander II was already determined to carry out reforms from the day he succeeded to the throne.In 1857, he founded the "General Council for Peasant Affairs" and began to prepare for reforms to abolish serfdom.In March 1861, the Tsar finally issued an edict to carry out reforms.There are two core points of reform: one is to announce the abolition of serfdom, and all serfs will be granted personal freedom, including migration, marriage, change of occupation, ownership of property, and signing contracts; Second, it is stipulated that all the land is owned by the landlord, and the peasants redeem a small piece of land in accordance with the regulations, and the ransom amount is two or three times the actual price of the land, and the peasants pay a part of it, and the government pays the rest in the form of repaid bonds, and the peasants must repay the principal and interest within 49 years.There were other aspects of the reform, such as the organization of the freed peasants into communes, whose officials were elected by the peasants but had to be governed by the local administration.Alexander II's good intentions can be seen in the reform texts.The key to the emancipation of the serfs was the land question.The emancipation of the serfs along with the land, and the free acquisition of the land they had been operating, was impossible in a reform and not in a revolution.Because the property rights to the land were originally owned by the serf owners, the management rights of the serfs were combined with their serf obligations.Alexander II wanted to maximize the satisfaction of both the feudal nobility and the serfs, and to maintain stability in the country while the great changes were taking place, and it was probably the best choice for the serfs to obtain land by way of redemption.To say that the Russian reforms of 1861 were only a plunder of the peasants by the feudal lords is obviously an irresponsible interpretation of history.After the emancipation, many serfs were still unable to stand on their own feet economically due to the reduction of land and other reasons, and could only accept the exploitation of the landlords in the form of feudal rent.In 1857, serfdom reforms were first tried in the more politically liberal Baltic coastal regions.On the territory of Lithuania, the serf owners announced the emancipation of the serfs and made them independent free peasants, after which the relationship between the serf owners and the original serfs changed to that of the landlord and the hired peasant.Since then, reform measures have gradually begun to be implemented in Petersburg and other provinces.The reform of serfdom introduced by Alexander II touched the interests of the vast landowning aristocracy of Russia and met with fierce opposition.They argue against the reforms that they would cause political instability in Russia and exacerbate the economic difficulties of the Crimean War.By this time, most of the Russian revolutionaries had gone into exile, and there were different ideas among the revolutionaries about the future path of Russia.The landlord aristocracy used the rhetoric of radical revolutionaries to magnify the negative effects of the reforms and countered the reform measures.In addition, during this period, the Russian treasury was empty, the entire country was dependent on debt, and even the top priority of re-equipping the army was temporarily put on hold due to financial constraints.The landed aristocracy blamed all this on the reform of serfdom.In the face of many obstacles, Alexander II continued to carry out the reforms to the end.On February 19, 1861, a new peasant decree was announced in Russia.On March 5, Alexander II officially emancipated all Russian serfs, and from then on the serfs became free peasants.Although the free peasants had nothing and no land of their own, and had to rely on the original landlord in economic relations to survive, the political significance was not trivial, and the peasants obtained equal political rights, became free people, and could move freely, which meant that they could get rich through the newly cultivated land, and thus obtain complete economic independence.Alexander II's proclamation of the abolition of serfdom was a qualitative social advance in Russia.The impact of this reform was so great that it has been called the greatest social movement since the French Revolution.Thus, Alexander II received the title of "liberator".The liberated peasants revolted more violently as the land was reduced, ransom payments were paid, and the confusion brought about by the reforms destroyed the previous sense of stability, with 126 peasant riots in 1860 and 1,176 in 1861, the year of the reforms.But Russia's political situation remained largely stable, and it finally emerged from this chaotic period and moved into a new era.President Moe's war suddenly brought Tsarist Russia back to the level of 1861, the peasants, who were dominated from generation to generation, and feudal rule was not formed in a day, why did the workers and peasants want the workers to take the lead, because the workers represent industry, and only industry can lead social progress.President Meng's war hurt Tsarist Russia even more than the Crimean War, because in the Crimean War, Tsarist Russia was killed by a group of emerging bourgeois countries, while China and China, in the eyes of Westerners, are just a group of rich peasants, and Tsarist Russia will think that it is the serfdom reform implemented by Alexander II that has made Tsarist Russia poorer and more backward.President Moe's war destroyed Alexander II's dream of a constitutional monarchy in one fell swoop.History has accidents, but also inevitable, President Meng chose this point in time, in fact, after consideration, it can't be said to be completely taken for granted, at least, in President Meng's subconscious thought about the entire international situation.Japan,Now it's no longer the main enemy of President Moe.,Or should I say,It's not particularly valued by President Moe.,With the strength of China's rise.,Any province.,It's a minute to play Japan to death.,Of course,It's by the sea.。
Tsarist Russia is different, this kind of constitutional monarchy, once it has completed industrialization, and borders China with a large area of land, it is very scary.In this era, the constitutional monarchy, in Tsarist Russia and the ancient Chinese Empire, still has a strong applicability, to let hundreds of millions of peasants complete the civilization at once, this is simply impossible, only through the mouth of the emperor, through the mouth of a god who makes the common people worship it like a god, the decrees and decrees issued by this mouth can be issued as quickly as possible.It was the times that brought the two feudal countries together, and it was the times that brought President Meng, a little man who was more than five years old and almost six years old, collided with the great tsar who was sixty or seventy years old.As can be seen from the foreign policy of Alexander II, this guy is very tough, internally, tough reforms, externally, tough expansion t1706231537: