President Meng smiled: "It's up to Yixuan to sing this play, now, I'm very interested in Japan's affairs, Korea is already a province of China, but there are still royal forces and a group of big landlords who have not been swept away, my goal is to make the whole of Korea all Han people use Korea as a springboard to fight Japan, Japan is fighting against the old shogunate and the emperor's forces, do you know" Princess Katrina Kafu nodded, "Yes, The president wants to use troops against Japan, and it is very difficult for us to even protect the provinces of Central Asia and Siberia now, at this time, where is the money to fight" President Meng held Princess Katrina Kaf's small hand, and said with a smile: "I am inspired by you, I don't have to fight, you can also achieve results, you look at Yixuan, I didn't spend a penny, didn't he start the process of reunification" Princess Katrina Kafu thought for a while, oh, "What does the president mean, do you want the Koreans and the Japanese to fight against the Japanese emperor's power?"
President Meng nodded and said: "Yes, the princess understands me, that's what I mean, I must not let the emperor of Japan unify Japan so quickly and embark on the road of prosperity and strength through innovation and change, remember that this small country is our biggest opponent in Asia" Princess Katrina Kafu was full of questions, "President, there are few villains in Japan, and they are the land of projectiles in the mouth of the Qing court, why does the president attach so much importance to them" President Meng stood up and looked out the window with deep eyes, "Princess, although they are small and few people, However, once Japan completes reunification, the speed of development is very terrifying, and in addition, it will hardly be hit by the sea, and when the time comes, it will be like a wild wolf, and it will once again stir up trouble, and China's coastal defense has a long history, and to put it bluntly, it is caused by this island country. ”Princess Katrina Kaaf nodded, although it is not clear why the president attaches so much importance to Japan, but the president attaches importance to it, and there must be a reason for the president.Before the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, Japan's plenipotentiary Ito Hirobumi and the Qing government's plenipotentiary Li Hongzhang had an evocative conversation.Ito: "Ten years ago, I once gave a piece of advice to my lord, hoping that your country will quickly reform its internal affairs, otherwise our country will definitely catch up, and now ten years have passed, why has your country not changed at all?"
Li Hongzhang sighed and said: "The affairs of our country are confined to customs, and we have not been able to fulfill our wishes. ”However, China's backwardness in institutional reform can only be explained by a sentence confined to customs, China's Westernization Movement preceded Japan's Meiji Restoration, but the Sino-Japanese War ended in the defeat of the Qing Dynasty.What is the real reason for this, but the rise of Japan due to the Meiji Restoration, blessings and misfortunes, and the Meiji Restoration eventually brought more to Japan endless suffering, and almost lost the country more than 70 years later.So, can Japan's Meiji Restoration still be regarded as a successful reformWhat is the fatal problem in Japan's modern eraIn March 1882, Hirobumi Ito, then Japan's Minister of Internal Affairs, boarded a passenger ship bound for Europe.People were surprised to find that there were actually a few geisha in the entourage, and what they were doing It turned out that Ito's trip was on a major mission: to open up the joints through geisha and find a way to Japanese constitutionalism.After the Meiji Restoration, Japan carried out a series of reforms, but the unequal treaties signed in the past still existed, and the European and American powers refused to revise the unequal treaties on the grounds that Japan's laws were incomplete.In many parts of the country, a vigorous freedom and civil rights movement has been launched, with slogans such as the opening of a parliament and the enactment of a constitution.Internal and external troubles made the Meiji government realize that it was necessary to establish a constitution and establish a diet, otherwise the government itself was likely to be overthrown.In fact, 11 years before Ito's trip, Japan had sent a delegation to Europe and the United States for more than a year, and he had already realized that the gap between Japan and the great powers was not only between science and technology, but also between political systems.Therefore, both the Japanese public and the government are looking forward to constitutional government.The main issue of Ito's entourage was how to define the political status of the emperor and how to create a Diet.He stayed in Germany, Austria, Britain and other countries for more than a year.When examining the constitutionalism of various countries, he found that although Britain, France, and the United States were the most prosperous, their constitutional systems lacked an intrinsic connection with traditional Japanese culture, which centered on nationalism.However, the Prussian culture, which used military power to promote national unity and development, and maintained a strong monarchy, was closer to Japan.Ito's strong impression of the Prussian constitutional monarchy was one of the key historical figures: Stein, a state scholar at the University of Vienna.Stein studied the structure of the modern state and was well versed in the constitutions of various countries.Ito spent more than a month listening directly to his lectures.Stein's influence on Ito is mainly reflected in three aspects: first, the grasp of the modern constitutional state as a whole; the second is the absorption of the new European social and state theories at that time; Third, a clear vision of cultural and educational policy was obtained, that is, the university as an organ of the state and an indispensable element of constitutional government.In August 1883, after more than a year, Ito and his entourage completed a constitutional survey in Europe and finally returned to Japan.What did Ito Hirobumi do after he returned to Japan?
Immediately after returning to Japan, Ito set up a bureau of institutional control in the palace, and personally took charge of the drafting of the constitution and the reform of various national organizations.In 1884, under Ito's guidance, the Meiji government promulgated the Chinese Ordinance, establishing the aristocracy, which became the foundation of the future House of Nobles; In December 1885, at Ito's suggestion, he abolished the old Taisei official system and established a modern cabinet system, and served as the first prime minister, completing preparations for the implementation of the constitution.Kokugakuin University in Shibuya, Tokyo, has more than 6,000 documents related to the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, which was drafted during the Meiji era.Takeshi Inoue, the author of the draft constitution of the Empire of Japan, was a bureaucrat in the Ministry of Justice who was a legal bureaucrat who was instructed by Ito to prepare the draft constitution.In 1887, the 20th year of the Meiji era, Hirobumi Ito completed the draft constitution with Takeshi Inoue in Natsushima, Kanagawa Prefecture, which was discussed at the time.After that, the draft of Xia Dao was revised several times, and the final draft was basically completed in April 1888.After many revisions, the Meiji government finally promulgated the constitution on February 11, 1889, and decided to implement it from 1890.From then on, the Meiji constitutional system was finally established.So, is the ideology of this constitution that Emperor Meiji asked to be formulated, and the Meiji Emperor is more symbolic than practical for this constitution?
It was Hirobumi Ito who really played a decisive role in the Meiji Constitution.From the preparation and drafting of the Constitution to its deliberations, promulgation, and implementation, Ito Hirobumi has played a leading and guiding role from beginning to end, and is the true "Father of the Meiji Constitution."
The Meiji Constitution was the first constitution in Asia to be officially promulgated and functioned in the modern sense.It has three outstanding features: First, it clearly stipulates the supremacy of the emperor and integrates political, military, legal, and diplomatic powers; The second is to stipulate the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial powers; Third, it stipulates that citizens have freedom of speech, press, assembly, association, etc., within the scope permitted by law.After Japan's defeat and surrender in World War II, the Japanese Constitution was implemented, and the Meiji Constitution was finally abolished.The Meiji Restoration led to rapid development in the short term, but it did not bring long-term benefits to Japan.Due to the shortcomings of the Meiji Constitution, it stipulated that the emperor's command over the armed forces was exercised by the military ministry without interference from the cabinet, which allowed the Japanese military department and militarist forces to be unrestrained, and brought great disasters to Asian countries, including Japan itself, in the future.Japan's history after the Meiji Restoration was either preparing for war or waging war.On November 29, 1890, the Meiji Constitution was enacted, and four years later, Japan launched the Sino-Japanese War of aggression against China and Korea.
Another 10 years later, the Russo-Japanese War broke out; On September 18, 1931, Japan invaded and occupied Northeast China by force; On July 7, 1937, a full-scale invasion of China was launched; The attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. naval base on December 7, 1941, sparked the Pacific War, which lasted until its complete defeat in 1945.Japan sought expansion and waged war everywhere, but the one-island country unrealistically dreamed of controlling Asia and dominating the world, becoming one of the sources of world war.However, in the end, it suffered a crushing defeat and became the only country in the world to have been bombed by an atomic bomb, and almost lost its species.For Japan, which had just begun to move from feudal society to capitalism, the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution undoubtedly greatly accelerated and stimulated Japan's development, and the effect was remarkable, and it soon became the strongest country in Asia, and the first country in Asia to smash the chains of Western control.And quickly achieve catching up with Britain and the United States, so quickly obviously not in line with the objective law of the development of things.The so-called success of Japan's Meiji Restoration was a temporary superficial success.If we look at it from a longer historical perspective, Japan's Meiji Restoration was not only unsuccessful, but also extremely unsuccessful.Judging from the performance and fate of Japan in the 100 years after the Meiji Restoration, the Meiji Restoration is suspected of being stunted in the later stage due to the promotion of seedlings.Just like taking a stimulant, the drug will eventually pass, and the sequelae will be incurable.From the perspective of national happiness, even if Japan is in a period of so-called success, it has not brought real well-being to the Japanese people.In addition to bringing extremely illusory mental excitement to the Japanese people, the perennial preparations and conquests are more of a sad and painful and extremely difficult daily life.Japan's Meiji Restoration has taught us: In order to accelerate development, regardless of one's own national history and culture, even if it develops beyond the norm, the price to be paid in the future will be extremely heavy, and it is likely to be a point of no return.Only reforms that are moderate, subordinate, and respectful of the history and culture of our nation will lead to long-term and sustainable development.Reform is not necessarily a bad thing, this is Li Hongzhang's wisdom, and it is also the wisdom of the Chinese ancestors.Violating the objective law of development of things is an important reason for Japan's inevitable war and self-destruction.President Meng also took the route of military expansion, but President Meng would rather develop more slowly, and would not let the military expansion mentality get out of control, let alone put the army outside the government, and it would be a terrible thing to become the emperor's private army.As a crossing giant, President Meng knows better than anyone that once Japan is reunified, its development speed is terrible, and it will not completely defeat Japan, which has always been a big heart of President Moe, so even if the reunification has not been completed, the new three provinces of Siberia and the Central Asian provinces are not stable, President Meng still has not relaxed the policy of attacking the Japanese.President Moe pointed to the map, pointing at North Korea and Japan, and then at the locations of the three new provinces of Siberia and Central Asia.China is so big that being the boss is really tired and has to worry about so many things.Princess Katrina Kafu behind President Meng didn't dare to make a sound, knowing that the president was thinking about things, in fact, the most important thing was that there was no money, and the speed of industrial development could not keep up with the needs of a long-term war, these two things were solved, and the president didn't have to worry."
It's hard to live without money."
President Meng watched it for a long time, and suddenly a sentence popped up.Princess Katrina Kaaf sneered.t1706231537: