"Well, what Your Majesty said is that I know that there were two kinds of armies in the Qing Dynasty at that time: the Eight Banners and the Green Battalion.The main body is in the green battalion, and the green battalion is scattered and has no establishment, so its combat effectiveness is particularly weak.Who doesn't know that hitting people with their fists instead of scratching them with their fingers is that the fists of the Qing court can't be clenched, so why are the green camps so scattered?
In ancient times, the police lived in the military, administration, and judicial organs.In particular, the armed forces have the responsibility of maintaining public order and order.The Qing army was not a pure national defense force, but had three functions at the same time: the police, the internal security force, and the national defense force.The dispersed distribution of the army also affects the speed of troop mobilization.Military discipline in the army is lax, there is no clear retirement system, military training is lax, and there is darkness.Therefore, the Qing army's army could not defeat the British army no matter what.No, Your Majesty," continued Princess Katrina Kaaf."
That's right, the Qing court did not lose in national strength, but in the construction of the army, which is rare, if a new army under the direct control of the central political and legal authorities was established earlier, it would not be this kind of result, at that time, if the elite of the army similar to Li Hongzhang Huai in the later period would not lose the city of Beijing all at once.However, the Qing court did not dare to do so.Why the Qing court could only mobilize tens of thousands of people to fight because the emperor of the Qing Dynasty was not a Han Chinese, so compared with the Ming Dynasty, the Qing court had to invest more troops to prevent the Han rebellion.Therefore, there are not many soldiers who can be transferred to fight.The Qing court did not send many troops to deal with the Jinchuan rebellion and the Yunnan rebellion.There is also the mentality of the Qing court towards the British army, they know that even if they lose, the British will not destroy the Qing court, so they will not immediately call in the available troops of the whole country.The ships of the British were better than those of the Qing Dynasty, and most of the ships of the Qing Dynasty were the kind that went to sea to fish.What the British army means to the Qing army with a big ship is that it is impossible to immediately know the whereabouts of the other party, plus the British army's firearms are much stronger than the Qing army, and the tactics are also, even if it is dozens of times invested, the chances of victory are not much.In the event of a war in countries that do not border each other, the initiative of the naval army becomes very large, which is why the Beiyang Naval Division, the Nanyang Naval Division and the Guangdong Naval Division were later trained. ”"Well, this point is very similar to the relationship between us and Japan now, although we do not have a strong navy, but the gap between our army and the Japanese army is even greater than the gap between the British army and the Qing army that invaded the Qing country at the beginning.The First Opium War took place in June 1940, Yilu led 16 LinkedIn warships, 4 armed ships, 28 transport ships, and 4,000 army troops to the sea of Guangzhou.If there is a rebellious situation, the commander will lead the troops and the camera will be punished.On August 9, the British army arrived at Dagukou and learned from Qishan's compromise that Tianjin's "artillery positions were outdated and the number of troops was insufficient."
The British arrived in Guangzhou in June and Dagukou on August 9.Compared with the Qing Dynasty, Beijing received information from Guangzhou on August 3.From this, it can be seen that the speed of the British army's maneuver was only a few days slower than that of the Qing envoys.This is not to mention how much faster the British army maneuvered than the Qing army.Therefore, tens of thousands of people were the troops that could be assembled on the battlefield at that time.This does not mean that the Qing Dynasty did not have that many troops.It's just that it was not possible to get to the battlefield in time.At that time, the Qing Dynasty had a miscalculation of its strategy.The Qing Dynasty believed that the British target was Guangzhou, so the troops were assembled in the direction of Guangzhou.And elsewhere there was no timely mobilization.The Qing Dynasty underestimated the British military power.In the process of changing the weapons of the army, the direction was not correctly judged.Thus not enough forces were mobilized.We now have much more developed information contacts than the Qing court, and our only weakness is that our navy and industrial base are still very weak, and our treasury is empty. ”Princess Katrina Kafu said."
By the time of the Second Opium War, the Qing court was weaker and the great powers were stronger, so there was no suspense if they were beaten again."
President Meng nodded, thinking of the humiliation of Huaxia, sighed slightly, and at the same time was glad that he was reborn in 1870, a relatively peaceful period that was conducive to the development of the Qing Dynasty, otherwise, even if he let himself run to the period of the two Opium Wars, he would have no choice.Moreover, there was still the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom at that time, and President Meng was most disgusted by the Chinese beating themselves, and he couldn't do it.The course of the Second Opium War can be divided into the "First Anglo-French Campaign" and the "Second Anglo-French Campaign".The First Anglo-French Campaign was from the outbreak of the war in 1856 to the signing of the Treaty of Tianjin in 1858, and the Second Anglo-French Campaign was from the outbreak of the First Battle of Dagukou in 1858 to the signing of the Treaty of Beijing in 1860.In 1856, the British sent troops to attack Guangzhou under the pretext that the Guangdong Navy Division captured the pirates on the Chinese ship "Yarrow" in Huangpu, Guangzhou.Under the pretext that the French Catholic priest Marais was killed in Xilin, Guangxi, France also sent troops to invade China.In December 1857, the British and French invading troops of more than 5,600 people, including 1,000 French troops, gathered at the mouth of the Pearl River and prepared for a large-scale attack.The American minister William and the Russian minister Putiadine also arrived in Hong Kong and conspired with Britain and France to invade China.On December 12, Erjin and Ge Luo respectively issued an ultimatum to Ye Mingchen limited to 10 days.At this time, the Qing government was making every effort to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Twist Army Uprising, and coupled with the "difficult salary", it adopted the policy of "resting the army" against the foreign invaders.Ye Mingchen faithfully implemented the policies of the Qing government and did not defend anything.On December 28, the British and French forces shelled Guangzhou and landed to siege the city.Dutong Laicun, Qianzong Deng Anbang and others led troops to resist stubbornly and lost the next day.Bai Gui, the governor of Guangdong, and Mukdenne, the general of Guangzhou, surrendered and continued to hold their original positions under the supervision of the "Allied Forces Committee" headed by Pa Xiali, and were driven by the enemy.Ye Mingchen was captured and later sent to Calcutta, India.During the occupation of Canton by the British and French invading forces, the local people waged an indomitable anti-imperialist struggle.The righteous people near Guangzhou set up a regimental training bureau in Foshan Town, gathered tens of thousands of people, and killed the enemy.Patriots in Hong Kong, Macao and other countries also went on strike one after another to protest.In March 1858, the envoys of the four countries went to Shanghai together.He Guiqing, the governor of Liangjiang, demanded that they return to Guangdong.However, the envoys of the four countries decided to assemble warships and go north to Tianjin.Arrive at the mouth of the White River in mid-April.In April 1858, the envoys of Britain, France, Russia, and the United States led ships to Dagukou one after another, and sent notes to the Qing government, requesting that plenipotentiary ministers be appointed to negotiate within six days.The note from Russia and the United States also expressed their willingness to act as "mediators."
On the one hand, Emperor Xianfeng ordered the Qing army to fortify Tianjin and Dagu, and on the other hand, he sent Tan Tingxiang, the governor of Zhili, as the minister of the Qincha to negotiate in Dagu, and pinned his hopes on the so-called "mediation" of the Russian and American ministers.The British and French aggressors had no sincerity in negotiating and only used this to delay and intensify their military preparations.On May 20, 1858, the British and French forces bombarded the Dagu Fort, and the Qing troops stationed at each fort fought back and fought fiercely with the enemy.However, Tan Tingxiang and others had no fighting spirit, abandoned the defense and fled, and the artillery facilities were outdated, isolated and helpless, and Dagu fell.On the 26th, the Anglo-French forces traced the Baihe River, invaded the outskirts of Tianjin, and threatened to attack Beijing.On June 13, the Qing government hurriedly sent another scholar Guiliang and a scholar of the Ministry of Ministers Hua Shana as ministers of the Qin Mission, and rushed to Tianjin to negotiate peace.Under the coercion and intimidation of the British and French invaders, Gui Liang and others signed the Treaty of Tianjin with Russia, Britain, France, and the United States.In addition, the Russian and US envoys also took advantage of their status as "mediators" to sign the 12 articles of the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty and the 30 articles of the Sino-US Tianjin Treaty with the Qing government on 13 and 18 June respectively, seizing almost the same privileges of aggression as those obtained by Britain and France, except for the indemnity.Article 9 of the Sino-Russian Treaty of Tianjin also specifically stipulates that the two countries should send personnel to survey "previously undefined borders" and "ensure that the border is cleared and added to the current peace treaty" so that it can be resolved in the future, thus laying the groundwork for Tsarist Russia to further plunder Chinese territory.In the same year, Tsarist Russia forced Heilongjiang General Yishan to sign the Treaty of Aihui by force.After the signing of the Treaty of Tianjin, the Anglo-French forces withdrew from Tianjin, and the coast moved south one after another.Emperor Xianfeng was worried about the content of the treaty, so when Guiliang and others were negotiating the treaty of commerce with the British and French representatives in Shanghai, they negotiated to revise the treaty of Tianjin, cancel the terms of the envoy's residence in Beijing, travel in the interior, and trade in Neijiang, and try to prevent the British and French from exchanging treaties in Beijing.In November, Gui Liang and others signed treaties with British, French, and American representatives on the aftermath of the treaty, stipulating that the opium trade should be legalized; The customs shall levy a tax on the import and export goods according to the current price; Foreign goods sold to the mainland are only subject to 25 sub-export taxes, and all mainland taxes are exempted; Hire a Brit to help with customs and customs.However, Britain and France could not allow the terms of the Tianjin Treaty to be amended, and insisted on renewing the treaty in Beijing.Far from being satisfied with the privileges they had seized from the Treaty of Tientsin, the British and French governments deliberately took advantage of the opportunity of the treaty exchange to provoke war again.In June 1859, after rejecting Gui Liang's proposal to exchange the treaty in Shanghai, British Minister Pruss, French Minister Bourblon, and American Minister John Warren each led a fleet outside the mouth of Dagu in an attempt to deter the Qing government by force in exchange for the ratification of the Treaty of Tianjin.The Qing government fortified Dagu and ordered Hengfu, the governor of Zhili, to send a note to the British and French ministers, designating them to land from Beitang and go to Beijing via Tianjin to exchange contracts, with no more than 20 people attached and no weapons to bear.The British and French envoys categorically rejected the Qing government's arrangement and insisted on marching the fleet to Beijing through the Dagu Pass along the Baihe River.After the withdrawal of the British and French fleets in 1858, the Qing government appointed the prince of Horqin, Seng Greenqin, to take charge of the defense of the Dagu area.On June 25, the commander of the British Navy, Hebu, led 12 warships from the barrage to Haikou, and at 3 p.m.
Hebu ordered the British and French forces to attack the Dagu Fort.The Qing army, under the command of Seng Lingqin, resisted heroically, fired artillery counterattacks, and the battle was extremely fierce.Shi Rongchun, the commander of Zhili, and Long Ruyuan, the deputy general of the Dagu Association, were the first soldiers and died in battle.Due to the Qing army's sufficient firepower and proper tactics, it sank and damaged 10 enemy ships, killed and wounded nearly 500 enemy soldiers, and seriously injured the commander of the British fleet, He Bo, and the British and French forces suffered a miserable defeat, which was also the only victory of the Qing army since the Opium War.In August of the same year, the U.S.
Minister Hua Ruohan disguised his friendship and entered Beijing from Beitang, and when he returned to Beitang, he exchanged ratifications of the Tianjin Treaty with Hengfu, the governor of Zhili.Prior to this, the Russian representative had already renewed the treaty in Beijing.When the news of the disastrous defeat of the Anglo-French forces in the Dagu attack reached Europe, the British and French ruling classes were in a clamor of war, clamoring for "large-scale retaliation" against China and "occupying the capital."
In February 1860, the British and French imperialist authorities reappointed Ergin and Gro as plenipotentiaries respectively, leading more than 15,000 LinkedIn troops and about 7,000 French troops to expand the war of aggression against China.In April, Anglo-French forces occupied Zhoushan.In May and June, the British invading army occupied Dalian Bay, and the French invading army occupied Yantai, blockaded Bohai Bay, and used it as an advance base for attacking Dagukou.Russian Minister Ignatiev and U.S.
Minister John Warren also rushed to Bohai Bay in July to once again cooperate with Britain and France in their war of aggression against China under the pretext of "mediators."
After the Qing government won the Battle of Dagu, it fantasized about making peace with British and French imperialism.When the British and French warships approached the mouth of Dagu, Emperor Xianfeng also instructed the monks Greenqin and Hengfu not to "still have the intention of fighting first and then making peace", so as not to "have a war and a disaster, and there is no end to it", "it is always necessary to take the situation as the priority", and sent Hengfu to negotiate with the British and French envoys.The former enemy commander-in-chief, Seng Greenqin, thought that the enemy was not good at land warfare, so he concentrated on Dagu and abandoned the defense of Beitang to give the enemy an opportunity.Ignatiev provided Britain and France with information that Beitang was unfortified.On August 1, 1860, 18,000 British and French troops landed from Beitang and occupied Tianjin.The Anglo-French forces landed at Beitang and did not meet any resistance.On the 14th, Tanggu was captured, and the water and land coordinated attack on the fort on the north bank of Dagu.The Qing army defending Taiwan fought bravely under the command of Governor Le Shan.However, the Qing government had no determination to resist the war, and Emperor Xianfeng ordered the monk Lingqin to leave the camp and retreat.The Qing army then fled from Dagu and retreated via Tianjin to Tongzhou, present-day Tongxian County, Beijing.On August 21, 1860, Dagu fell.The invading army drove straight into Tianjin and occupied Tianjin on the 24th.The Qing government hurriedly sent Gui Liang and others to Tianjin to negotiate peace.Britain and France proposed that, in addition to accepting the Tianjin Treaty in its entirety, they should also open Tianjin as a treaty port, increase the indemnity, and bring 1,000 troops each to Beijing to exchange the treaty.The Qing government refused, and negotiations broke down.The invading army marched from Tianjin to Beijing.The Qing government then sent Prince Yi Zaiyuan and the military department Shangshu Muyin to replace Guiliang and negotiate peace in Zhangjiawan in the south of Tongzhou.Due to the dispute between the two sides, the negotiations broke down again, and 39 people including Pashali, the negotiator sent by the British to negotiate a ceasefire, and soldiers were taken captive.On September 18, 1860, the British and French invaders captured Tongzhou.On the 21st, the Qing army and the British and French forces fought a fierce battle at Bali Bridge, and the commander Seng Lingqin and others took the lead in escaping, and the Qing army was annihilated.On September 22, Emperor Xianfeng and others left Beijing with the queen and Yi Guifei in the name of Bei Hunt and fled to Rehe Summer Resort.On October 13, the coalition forces entered Beijing from Andingmen.When the allied forces discovered that the Qing army had tortured many of the British and French envoys to death, they decided to retaliate against China's barbarism and teach the Chinese royal family not to despise Britain and France in the future.On October 18, British and French forces occupied Beijing and looted and burned the Old Summer Palace.The British and French troops looted and burned in the suburbs of Beijing for nearly 50 days, and the royal gardens on the outskirts of Beijing, such as the Old Summer Palace, Qingyi Garden, Jingmingyuan, Yuquan Mountain, Jingyi Garden, Xiangshan, and Changchun Garden, were all burned.The Qing court sent Yi to negotiate peace for the plenipotentiary ministers and signed the Sino-British, Sino-French Treaties of Beijing.The coalition forces looted and burned the Old Summer Palace and Jingyi Garden.The fire in the Old Summer Palace lasted for three days and three nights, and more than 300 eunuchs and palace maids were killed.The French writer Victor Hugo once strongly condemned this, calling it "the victory of two robbers".On October 24 and 25, the British and French forces threatened to burn the Forbidden City, forcing Prince Gong to exchange ratifications of the Treaty of Tianjin with Ergin and Gro respectively, and to conclude the unequal Sino-British Treaty of Beijing and the Sino-French Treaty of Beijing as a supplement to the Treaty of Tianjin.After the Opium War, the Qing government was busy dealing with foreign colonists and suppressing the Taiping Revolution, resulting in a lack of defense on the northern frontier.Taking advantage of the situation, Russia has stepped up its encroachment and illegal occupation of many strategic points in the Heilongjiang River valley and south of Lake Balkhash, and has been looking for opportunities to fix the occupied Chinese territory in the form of a treaty.In 1856, when the Anglo-French forces attacked Guangzhou, they sent Putiyatin as a minister to negotiate the border issue with the Qing government.In May 1858, the Russian Governor of Siberia, Muravyov, took advantage of the Anglo-French alliance to capture Dagukou and forced the Heilongjiang general Yishan to sign the Sino-Russian Aihun Treaty by force.According to this treaty, Russia ceded more than 600,000 square kilometers of land north of the Heilongjiang River and south of the Outer Khing'an Mountains.
At the same time, about 400,000 square kilometers of Chinese territory east of the Ussuri River will be jointly administered by the two countries.Russian Minister to China Ignachev put forward new territorial claims under the pretext of "meritorious mediation."
On the 14th, the Qing government signed the Beijing Treaty with Russia, assigning 400,000 square kilometers of land east of the Ussuri River to Russia, adding Kashgar as a commercial port, and setting up consulates in Kashgar and Kulun.At the same time, Russia will also impose on China the direction of the western border between China and Russia.In 1864, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a treaty to demarcate the northwest boundary, and ceded 440,000 square kilometers of land east and south of Lake Balkhash, becoming the biggest beneficiary during the Second Opium War.Fortunately, the Emperor overthrew the Qing court with extraordinary courage and means, and has recovered all the lost territories, but even so, Tsarist Russia, Britain, and France are still the most hated powers of the Emperor at present.Dealing with these three countries is also more conducive to domestic war mobilization.This is also the reason why the emperor of China wants to pick a big man to beat first, Huaguo is no matter how weak it is, the land is vast, the population is large, these two advantages alone, as long as it is a unified Huaguo, it is a unique power in the world "Rest assured, we will be able to defeat Japan this time and war Britain." ”Emperor Hua said firmly to Princess Katrina Kaf."
Even when the strength is lagging behind, I have this confidence.""
Yes, I believe Your Majesty."
Princess Katrina Kafu looked at the sharp light emanating from President Moe's eyes and smiled affirmatively.t1706231537: