President Meng smiled: "That's right, don't hold back if you have something to say, however, I explain my reasons now, and it's also pale, and I will do my homework before I finally do it." ”Princess Katrina Kafu nodded with bright eyes, and snorted, "I will always believe in Your Majesty, before we do it, what steps are we going to take?"
"First, diplomacy, obtain support, and purchase strategic materials, and second, the domestic forces are completely mobilized, which is more important than the external environment. ”President Moe said meaningfully to Princess Katrina Kaf.After President Meng lived in St.
James's Palace, the next day, he invited many ambassadors and envoys from various countries in London to meet at St.
James's Palace.Originally, the British invited the Emperor to live in St.
James's Palace, just to show the world that the assassination of the Emperor in Britain had absolutely nothing to do with the British government, and at most it was just a negligence in their protective measures.However, the Chinese Emperor invited diplomatic ambassadors from various countries to come to the talks so loudly, and it changed its taste, because the more the Chinese Emperor came into contact with people, the more truth would be revealed in the conversations, and most of the countries invited by the Chinese Emperor were countries that had established certain diplomatic relations with China, and from the perspective of sympathy, after going back, they would also publicize the truth that the Chinese Emperor was assassinated by British and French radicals, as well as the acquiescence of the British and French governments in the middle, and even the role of threading the needle.Among them, the Chinese emperor most urgently needs to find the minister, the foreign minister of Tsarist Russia, Duke Maxim Kanunnikov, and the Chinese emperor needs to know most accurately and clearly whether there is a possibility of delaying the hatred of Tsarist Russia and even easing the hatred of Tsarist Russia.In fact, in order to seize Siberia and Central Asia, the Chinese emperor had to move to Tsarist Russia, if Tsarist Russia was placed far away from China, the Chinese Emperor would never be the first to move towards such a country, in fact, it is because of the balance between Tsarist Russia and Germany, Britain and France, plus an Austria-Hungary that the internal friction on the European continent is too serious, resulting in the European continent, there has never been a country that can win the championship in the world.If it weren't for Europe's long-term balance of power, in fact, whether it was a European power or a second-strongest country in Europe, at least ten or more countries would have the ability to win the world.If history had the possibility of illusion, Emperor Hua hoped even more that if the first Opium War had taken place in the Ming Dynasty in the 17th century, China would have become the world's boss long ago.Because the culture and thought of the Manchu Qing Dynasty are not worthy of standing on the world stage on behalf of China, and at the end of the decadent Ming Dynasty, those scholars and doctors will open their eyes to the world early after being catalyzed by the world powers.If it was in peacetime, whether it was the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, or any Chinese dynasty in history, the Emperor Hua believed that he did not have the soil for capitalism, because the feudal political system was too strong, and this was the most powerful place in Confucianism.Neither the Ming nor the Qing Dynasty could develop into a capitalist country.As for the decline of modern China, the key lies not in capitalism, but in the industrial revolution.The main characteristic of capitalism is that private ownership of capital is free to dispose of it.For the purpose of capital multiplication, free labor is hired to carry out production, and the owners of capital lead the production.In the market, economic activities are carried out in accordance with the relationship between supply and demand, with the aim of pursuing maximum profits.And no era in traditional Chinese society has the conditions to form such a model.1.
The government is highly centralized, has no spirit of contract, does not protect private property, and private capital cannot complete the original accumulation.2 There is no mechanism of checks and balances of power, and highly centralized countries are accustomed to interfering in economic activities in accordance with political principles.3 The huge smallholder economy is difficult to disintegrate, and it cannot be dismantled.Because in the pre-industrial era, the capitalist mode of production could not absorb the large number of free laborers, and only formed waves of displaced people.4 There is a lack of means of capital circulation, because there is no new technology to promote the emergence of new industries to provide higher profits, and there is no other way for commercial capital to multiply, which is eventually converted into agricultural capital and returned to the small peasant economy.5 China is the largest and largest country in East Asia, self-sufficient, with no need for trade and no way to promote commerce.6.
Lack of precious metals, backward financial environment, monetary system and fiscal system.Capital in capitalism refers to private capital, and authoritarian centralized states such as the Ming and Qing dynasties never respected or protected private capital, because there was no force that could check and balance the exploitation of private capital by the authoritarian government.After the collapse of Rome, European society existed in the form of feudal society for a long time, in such a state, no country has the ability to achieve the unity of power, the monarch, the aristocracy, the civic groups are evenly matched, check and balance each other, no one can enjoy power alone, and there is no way to impose their will on the other, the result is that everyone must consult and cooperate, take care of each other's interests, under this condition, the spirit of contract is formed.In the Ming Dynasty, we were not a feudal society, and the power of the whole country came from the central government and the emperor, and there was no sharing and checks and balances of power.Therefore, there is no negotiation condition, and if you want to collect taxes, you can pay taxes, and you don't need to consult.And great wealth itself means power, and the expansion of private capital will inevitably cause authoritarian governments to panic and kill you before you are strong enough to challenge it.As a result, the owners of capital cannot compete with the government, and either cooperate with the government to become government capital or compradors, or they go bankrupt and die in the process of exploitation.No one can really complete the primitive accumulation of private capital, let alone power-sharing and the spirit of contract.At most, he was just the shepherd of the emperor, and if he was fattened, he would be cut meat.And more importantly, the deprived private capital will not be used in the hands of the authoritarian government for economic production, nor can it complete the primitive accumulation, but will be squandered for war or luxury.The most typical example in Europe is Spain.It was the first to complete the centralization, and although it discovered the Americas and accumulated a large amount of gold, this wealth was not used by private capital to develop the economy, but was spent by the court to buy British cotton cloth, and the result was to promote the development of the capitalist economy in Britain.This is still the case in Spain, let alone a conservative agricultural country like the Ming Dynasty.To develop capitalism, we must first realize the primitive accumulation of capital, so that wealth and means of production can be rapidly concentrated in the hands of the capitalists, and the methods of primitive accumulation are two, one is to make money, that is, commerce, and the other is to rob, that is, to plunder.And in the Ming Dynasty, assuming that the emperor himself was a merchant who traveled to the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, everyone closed the door for men and women to weave, and there was no need for too many transactions, so the domestic market was narrow and could not make a lot of money.Nine sides, the imperial court and the Mongols engaged in border trade cooperation, but the total credit, if you want money, you will cut you.Needless to say, foreign trade is banned, you can't get out, and if you go out, you'll be a widow and kill them all.But you still can't resist the temptation of profits, and finally smuggled back to save some money, but you didn't get caught, you made a fortune, you worked up and down, and you went out to find a dead person, who has money, and life is worth it, so you don't go out to sell your life.In Daming, the most profitable thing in China is to sell salt, but you have to buy salt from the state, and the state still holds the lion's head.Selling grain, transporting tea, selling silk and porcelain, the country does not participate in the shares, do you sell it in the end, it is calculated to invest in this country to make money, or the big bureaucrats, the scholar class is making money, and in the end, it is also on the road to becoming an official, once the official is linked to money, there is no need to think about social development, which is also the reason why the emperor strictly forbade officials to do business, or found that officials and their immediate family members are linked to doing business, and they will be sanctioned.The safest method is the most profitable.The safest investment channels are all the agricultural economy, coupled with the traditional national policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business, as well as political risks.Therefore, in the strong period of the feudal system, he could only buy a house and land to become an official, so the commercial capital eventually returned to the land to support the capital.The merchant class eventually became large landowners, which in turn consolidated the old order of an agrarian society.As for the foreign barbarians, you are also less to come, not to mention the tributary envoys, but also want to talk about equal trade with the Celestial Empire, it is simply a kick in the face, the foreigners at that time could not beat the Ming Dynasty, and could only do business happily with a smuggling merchant along the coast, and the imperial court could not control it, turning a blind eye, and later in order to solve the living problems of the people of Fujian, the port of the moon was opened to allow Fujian to carry out foreign trade, and the silver of Mexico flowed into China in this way, but in the end it was exchanged for field products, or buried in the ground, or made into handicrafts.In Europe, because of the large number of countries, and no one can be truly self-sufficient, so there is a huge international market, active trade demand continues to stimulate the development of commerce, the Spanish tyrants from the Americas to pull gold, used to buy British hillbilly woven cloth, Dutch middlemen trafficked from it, the inflow of capital eventually stimulated the development of commerce in various countries, and the development brought greater demand, new demand for capital to provide new investment channels, and finally formed a virtuous circle.And this is all that a huge and self-sufficient empire does not have, there is no demand, how can it be developed and then plundered, if you look at the history of Europe, either the peasants are plundered internally, or the aborigines are plundered externally.Behind these two there is a call of the market that is eager for wealth, the former in order to expand production, and then make capital, the latter is to directly grab capital, and then invest and earn and grab again, because there are still small partners around to grab again, then you must be more vigorous to grab.And the Ming Dynasty, such a static agricultural empire, was both rich and lacked internal and external competition, and there was no motive to go out to plunder at all, and the main obligation of the state was to provide disaster relief and keep small farmers from going bankrupt, and social harmony, just fine, and not to engage in speculation.Therefore, without the support of market demand and the protection of private capital, commercial capital has no way out and can only return to agriculture in the end.Not to mention primitive accumulation.As a matter of policy, the development of capitalism requires the cooperation of the state, both Britain and the Netherlands encourage the development of commerce, as well as overseas trade, encourage the multiplication of private capital, force the peasants to go bankrupt in order to expand production, provide free labor, and the government benefits from the proliferation of private capital through taxation.And this was simply not possible in the Ming Dynasty.China as a huge agricultural country, the state tax almost entirely depends on the land and poll tax, its tax source mainly comes from the homesteaders, that is, the small farmers they are the real national capital, and the development of commerce brought by the profits in the Ming Dynasty in front of such a magnitude of the country, is very inferior, the benefits it provides can not make the government interested, and the development of commerce will inevitably lead to the flow of population, as well as the difficulties of taxation and management, which are all things that shake the foundation of the agricultural country, coupled with the demand for freedom brought by commerce, It is also a taboo for a hierarchical authoritarian state.What's more, the economic policies of the Ming Dynasty were conservative and negative even in traditional agrarian societies.There are two characteristics of this: one is egalitarianism: because of the disgust and reaction to the Mongol rule, Zhu Yuanzhang planned to "restore China" at the beginning of the founding of the country, he expected the country to return to the situation before the Mongols' fishy pollution, so he set out to restore the ancient ideal society, and his economic performance was very negative, in order to maintain the harmony and stability of the agricultural society, he cut the meat of the commercially developed areas of Suzhou and Hangzhou, and filled the pits in the underdeveloped areas, in order to maintain the balance of the development of the whole country.
What is needed for the development of capitalism is imbalance, where capital and labor are concentrated in one place, but under the interference of the national policy of the Ming Dynasty, all this is basically delusional.The second is to give up the management of the economic order, the most important of which is the negative financial management, mainly reflected in the coinage, the amount of coinage in the Ming Dynasty is very small compared with the Song Dynasty, one reason is because of the lack of copper in China, after the failure of the issuance of paper money in the early Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty will abandon the finance, so that before the inflow of silver in the Americas, local taxes have returned to the state of payment in kind, which is extremely unfavorable to the development of commercial trade.Moreover, under the traditional idea of valuing agriculture and suppressing business, the politically correct approach has always been to protect the interests of the peasants, not the merchants, and the focus of state work has always been centered on the interests of small peasants.One condition for the development of capitalism was the large number of free laborers, and this did also occur in the Ming Dynasty, because the Ming Dynasty ruled in the eyes of traditional politics.Zhu Baba's retroism divided a large number of feudal kings who were only allowed to eat and not work, and together with the various privileges of the bureaucracy, cultivated a large number of large landowners and landless peasants, and these landless people were the same as the free labor formed in the British enclosure movement, and they were all proletarians who had nothing.To call these people, there was a proper noun in the Ming Dynasty, called exiles.And in the end, the Ming Dynasty was overthrown by these people.Why did the same free labor force promote the development of capitalism in England and overthrow an empire in the Ming Dynasty?
The difference is that the economic structure is different, the British expanded production for trade profits, and there was a demand for free labor, and these needs digested them and transformed them into industrial workers.In the Ming Dynasty, due to the various reasons mentioned above, there was no industry to digest these extra laborers who had nothing to do, and they could only be buried by the exiles in the end.In addition, more importantly, the Ming Dynasty lacked a financial system to match the development of commerce, and due to the lack of precious metals, it was difficult for China to supply money to the market stably, until the invention of paper money, and the government, due to its lack of financial knowledge, issued paper money indiscriminately, resulting in the bankruptcy of monetary credit, and finally abandoned monetary policy.Hence the emergence of a spontaneous substitute for money, which is silver.However, silver is not a currency and does not possess full monetary properties on its own.Silver is not an abstract symbol, there is no concept of currency value, silver as a currency is still the essence of barter, does not need the certification and credit guarantee of the regime, which is far from the nature of copper coins.It is precisely because of this that the government was unable to intervene in the market through monetary policy, and the backward fiscal system of the Ming Dynasty made it difficult for it to effectively obtain tax sources from private wealth, and fiscal crises became the norm, so it could only further plunder the peasants and intensify social contradictions through tax increases.The Qing Dynasty alleviated this problem by purchasing Japanese copper ore and issuing copper coins, but it was never able to solve the natural defect of the lack of precious metals.In the end, the Ming Dynasty was too big.No matter how the capitalist mode of production develops, it is a small point in the face of a huge agricultural economy, it is difficult to digest the huge free labor force, and the demand for labor in the process of industrial upgrading and the rate of seizing the means of production from these labor forces are unbalanced, so this society will either collapse in the transition, or new economic factors will wither in the transformation, and for the Ming Dynasty, the latter will most likely appear, because it does not even have the soil for the survival of capitalism.Even in the 21st century, many countries are still facing such problems on the road to developing capitalism, and it is necessary to engage in the dualization of urban and rural areas to avoid social turmoil.Another disadvantage of being too big is that no one in East Asia can compete with it, and the progress of any civilization is achieved in the process of competition and exchange, and the reason why the Song Dynasty has been able to make great progress in all fields is related to the strong pressure it has always faced from the north, and its opponent is not a backward civilization like Tatar Wara faced by the Ming Dynasty, but not inferior to his Liao and Jin, this benign competitive order is an important condition for the progress of the Song Dynasty, and it is also something that the Ming Dynasty does not have, and it is completely incorporated into a force in a regionWhen a culture is under a model and a model, its development will inevitably embark on the shackles of self-containedness.Therefore, it is impossible for the Ming and Qing dynasties to embark on the road of capitalism.The Qing Dynasty was able to defeat the Ming Dynasty, not because of the so-called self-reliance on cold weapons, but on the contrary, because its development and application of firearms equaled or surpassed the Ming Dynasty.Under the strategy of the Ming army relying on the city and using artillery, it was difficult for the Qing army to break through the Ming army's defense line, but due to the defection and surrender of the Dengzhou firearms battalion of the Western-style new army trained by the Ming Dynasty, the Manchus also formed their own professional firearms unit "Wuzhen Chaoha".It is by virtue of the power of artillery to be able to break through the defense of the Ming army, especially in the attack on the Southern Ming Dynasty, artillery has always played an important role, the first battle of Jiangyin, the Qing army is relying on hundreds of artillery to blast open the city of Jiangyin.After entering the customs, the development of firearms in the Qing army also made great progress on the basis of the Ming Dynasty, to the Yongzheng Dynasty, the proportion of bird guns in the south has been more than half, and replaced the messy firearms system of the Ming Dynasty, unified the system.As for the various conquests of the Qianlong Dynasty, the application of artillery and muskets has been very frequent, compared with the Ming Dynasty, which threw and stayed in the chaos of various firearms, the application of unorganized and unorganized warfare, it is undoubtedly progressive, which is why the Manchu Qing Dynasty disdained the display of firearms in Magalny.Because the Qing Dynasty stipulated that firearms units should conduct regular drills every month.The development of firearms in the Qing Dynasty was naturally backward and stagnant compared with Europe, because there were almost no enemies around the Qing Dynasty at that time, and the development of military technology was naturally unnecessary.But because of this, the idea of President Moe, who continued to study at the end of the Qing Dynasty and established a new Huaguo, changed.t1706231537: