China's railways in Central Asia provinces, only one large northwest railway network extends, the railway connecting Almaty, is not enough at all, there is no railway network, the rest of the roads are also in bad condition, because they are all rushed repairs, many road sections do not meet Huaguo's standards.China has very strict construction standards for roads and railways, especially in order to meet the requirements of wartime, which will be more stringent, which is also the reason why Ekaterina Klimova and Wang Dashan feel a lot of pressure, because the higher the standards, the more insufficient the manpower and professional and technical personnel are needed.There are also many problems such as the resumption of production and the construction of cities, all of which fall on the millions of people who have just migrated to the provinces of Central Asia.But the India, which the British ruled for more than half a century, was a full-fledged colony, so there was no such problem, and the transformation of the Indians by the British could also be said to be an unprecedented success.Ekaterina Klimova and Qiu Yun didn't know what the Chinese emperor was going to carry out a campaign to get rid of the old ideas, what the scale was like, and what the purpose was in the end, but they had a vague concept, so they didn't take it seriously, thinking that it might be similar to the previous rectification work in the Chinese army, but this time it was mainly aimed at local cadres.Catherine is not such an idea, in Catherine's opinion, to solve the hoarding in the northwest, it is not a difficult matter, the local garrison force in the past to eliminate a few major dens, let some of the big illegal traders ambush the law, and soon the whole area will return to normal food order, obviously the Chinese emperor is going to take advantage of this reason, in advance to start the movement of old ideas.Catherine immediately wrote an article on the importance of eliminating old ideas in the new era, and showed it to Zhao Qingluo.Zhao Qingluo has not spoken to Catherine during this time, but this is only in terms of private conversation, now Catherine is her team leader, she is the deputy team leader, for work, business, must contact."
Your article, isn't it a bit exaggerated, even if there is a part of the landlord class who have not reformed their minds and are engaged in hoarding, it has not reached the point of shaking the Huacui Party and shaking the entire Huaguo" Zhao Qingluo put it down after reading Catherine's article, "Moreover, you also said that you want to mobilize students and rectify the whole society, if you do this, the situation will expand, who can control it" Catherine already had a prototype in her heart before writing this article, she was not untargeted, she came before she came, Hua Huang has already given her very clear instructions on this issue, and told her to let go of it, as long as she doesn't move the army and education, she can do whatever she wants."
Don't worry, Your Majesty and I have reached a consensus, now that we want to start doing it, we must do it all at once, make a noise, in order to cooperate with Your Majesty's upcoming national mobilization, we are facing the powerful British and French powers, as well as India, the Ottoman Turkish Empire, which is supported and controlled by the British, and the Tsarist Russia, which is eyeing China, and the powerful European powers.So, we have to have a solid rear.If you want to be stable, you must find out all those who are not firm in your majesty's thinking and in China. ”Catherine said decisively.Zhao Qingluo heard that it was Emperor Hua's instructions, so she was silent, in terms of personal feelings, she could not accept Emperor Hua, but in official affairs, in the entire Huaguo, with the direction given by Emperor Hua, it is the sword mountain and the sea of fire, the oil pot, everyone must move forward, and there can be no hesitation."
Since it is His Majesty's instructions, I can't say anything, originally I came to cooperate with your work, however, I personally don't agree with your way, is it step by step, first control it in a small area, what happened in the Great Northwest, why do you want to mobilize students across the country Is it too wide" Zhao Qingluo asked."
If we don't do this, how can we form a game of chess in the whole country, although it is a situation that has occurred in the great northwest, but the purpose of our campaign is not of a regional nature, but for the whole country and all strata, and this is a universal and comprehensive rectification work."
Catherine replied.Zhao Qingluo was speechless, she didn't understand the purpose of Emperor Hua doing this, and she didn't support it very much, but she couldn't object, unless she didn't want to be a Chinese."
Sign it, I hope it was signed by the two of us together, and after it is reported to His Majesty, we can send it."
Catherine said.Zhao Qingluo brushed up, signed her name, and sighed: "I don't object, but I still reserve my own opinion, I think this is too radical." ”Catherine smiled, didn't say anything, and asked the secretary to send it to Europe to the president's secretariat, and asked people to find Liu Yuqing to talk, Catherine was already preparing to go to Xi'an to sit in the northwest.Catherine didn't plan to stay still in Xi'an, she planned to go from northwest to southwest, from southwest to southeast, and finally to Central China, back to Beijing, for a full tour.Although the Emperor did not give a clear end time, Catherine believed that if His Majesty was to go to war with the British at the end of this year, the best time to start and end the campaign was between now and the middle of next year, a year or a year and a half, and not until 1881 anyway.Hua Huang read the article sent by Catherine, and then showed it to Princess Katrina Kaf.Princess Katrina Kaaf frowned, "It's very radically written, Your Majesty. ”President Moe was expressionless, this was his own meaning, Catherine understood it very accurately, even if he asked him to write it himself, he estimated that it was almost the same meaning, but when he finally had to make a decision, he felt so difficult.Because at the beginning of this movement, the focus must be on the country, Huahuang is very fond of the people in China, including the landlord class, he has always wanted to guide the landlord class to the road of capital, but the change of thinking, the change of tradition, does not only exist in the mind of Huahuang, when it is really done, it is still inseparable from some strength, relying on guidance, it is obviously not enough.Why is it impossible for the Ming Dynasty or the Qing Dynasty to develop into a capitalist country?
It is difficult to say whether modern times are in decline, and the key lies not in capitalism, but in the industrial revolution.The main characteristic of capitalism is that private ownership of capital is free to dispose of it.For the purpose of capital multiplication, free labor is hired to carry out production, and the owners of capital lead the production.In the market, economic activities are carried out in accordance with the relationship between supply and demand, with the aim of pursuing maximum profits.And no era in traditional Chinese society has the conditions to form such a model.The government is highly centralized, has no spirit of contract, does not protect private property, and private capital cannot complete the original accumulation.There is no mechanism of checks and balances of power, and highly centralized states are accustomed to interfering in economic activity in accordance with political principles.The huge smallholder economy is difficult to disintegrate, and it cannot be.Because in the pre-industrial era, the capitalist mode of production could not absorb the large number of free laborers, and only formed waves of displaced people.There is a lack of means for capital to circulate, because there is no new technology to promote the emergence of new industries to provide higher profits, and there is no other way for commercial capital to multiply, and it is eventually converted into agricultural capital, returning to the smallholder economy.China is the dominant country in East Asia, and its strength, resources, and population are huge, self-sufficient, and there is no need for trade to promote the development of commerce.Lack of precious metals, backward financial environment, monetary system and fiscal system.First of all, capital in capitalism refers to private capital, and an authoritarian centralized state like the Ming and Qing dynasties never respected or protected private capital, because there was no force that could check and balance the authoritarian government's exploitation of private capital.After the collapse of Rome, European society existed in the form of feudal society for a long time, in such a state, no country has the ability to achieve the unity of power, the monarch, the aristocracy, the civic groups are evenly matched, check and balance each other, no one can enjoy power alone, and there is no way to impose their will on the other, the result is that everyone must consult and cooperate, take care of each other's interests, under this condition, the spirit of contract is formed.The power of the whole country in China, the Ming Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty all came from the central government and the emperor, and there was no sharing and checks and balances of power.Therefore, there is no negotiation condition, and if you want to collect taxes, you can pay taxes, and you don't need to consult.And great wealth itself means power, and the expansion of private capital will inevitably cause authoritarian governments to panic and kill you before you are strong enough to challenge it.As a result, the owners of capital cannot compete with the government, and either cooperate with the government to become government capital or compradors, or they go bankrupt and die in the process of exploitation.No one can really complete the primitive accumulation of private capital, let alone the spirit of power sharing and contract, private capital is at most only the shepherd of the emperor, fattened and will be cut meat.More importantly, the deprived private capital is not used in the hands of the authoritarian government for economic production, nor for primitive accumulation, but is squandered for war or luxury.The most typical example in Europe is Spain.It was the first to complete the centralization, and although it discovered the Americas and accumulated a large amount of gold, this wealth was not used by private capital to develop the economy, but was spent by the court to buy British cotton cloth, and the result was to promote the development of the capitalist economy in Britain.This is still the case in Spain, let alone a conservative agricultural country like the Ming Dynasty.To develop capitalism, we must first realize the primitive accumulation of capital, so that wealth and means of production can be rapidly concentrated in the hands of the capitalists, and the methods of primitive accumulation are two, one is to make money, that is, commerce, and the other is to rob, that is, to plunder.And the Ming Dynasty assumed that the rebirth of the Emperor Hua at this time was not the end of the Qing Dynasty, but the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, everyone closed the door to men and women weaving, and there was no need for too many transactions, so the domestic market was narrow and could not make a lot of money.Nine sides, the imperial court and the Mongols engaged in border trade cooperation, but doing business with the Mongols will never make money, everyone is on credit, and if you don't give credit, you will play with knives.Needless to say, foreign trade is banned, and if you go out, you will be a widow.But you still can't resist the temptation of profits, and finally smuggled back to save some money, but you didn't get caught, you made a fortune, you worked up and down, and you went out to find a dead person, who has money, and life is worth it, so you don't go out to sell your life.The most profitable thing in domestic investment is to sell salt, but you have to buy salt from the state, and the state still holds the lion's share.In the end, the safest way to invest and make money in this country is the most profitable.The safest investment channels are all the agricultural economy, coupled with the traditional national policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business, as well as political risks.Therefore, before the end of the Qing Dynasty, he could only buy a house and buy land to become an official, so the commercial capital eventually returned to the land to support the capital.The merchant class eventually became large landowners, which in turn consolidated the old order of an agrarian society.As for foreigners who still want to talk about equal trade with the Celestial Empire, it is even more impossible, the foreigners at that time could not beat the Ming Dynasty, and could only do business with a smuggling merchant along the coast, and the imperial court could not control it, turning a blind eye, and later in order to solve the living problems of the people of Fujian, the port of the moon was opened to allow Fujian to conduct foreign trade, and the silver of Mexico continued to flow into China in this way, but in the end it was exchanged for field products, or buried in the ground, or made into handicrafts.In Europe, because of the large number of countries, and no one can really be self-sufficient, so there is a huge international market, active trade demand continues to stimulate the development of commerce, the Spanish tyrants from the Americas to pull gold, used to buy British woven cloth, Dutch middlemen trafficked from it, the inflow of capital eventually stimulated the development of commerce in various countries, and the development brought greater demand, new demand for capital to provide new investment channels, and finally formed a virtuous circle.And this is not possessed by a huge and self-sufficient Chinese empire, without demand, there can be no talk of development and plunder, and from the perspective of European history, either the peasants were plundered internally, or the aborigines were plundered externally.Behind both of them is the call of a market hungry for wealth, the former in order to expand production, and then make capital, the latter is to directly grab capital, after grabbing and then investing, and then earn and grab.A static agrarian empire like the Ming Dynasty, rich but lacking internal and external competition, had no incentive to go out and plunder, and the state's main obligation was to provide disaster relief and keep small farmers from going bankrupt.Without the support of market demand and the protection of private capital, commercial capital has no way out and can only return to agriculture in the end.Not to mention primitive accumulation.The development of capitalism requires the cooperation of the state, both Britain and the Netherlands encourage the development of commerce, as well as overseas trade, encourage the multiplication of private capital, force the peasants to go bankrupt in order to expand production, provide free labor, and the government benefits from the multiplication of private capital through taxation.And this was simply not possible in the Ming Dynasty.No matter which dynasty in China was before, as a huge agricultural country, the state tax revenue almost completely relied on the land tax and the poll tax, and its tax source mainly came from the homesteaders, that is, the small peasants The peasant class is the real national capital, and the profits brought by the development of commerce are still very inferior in front of the Ming Dynasty such a magnitude of the country, and the benefits it provides can not make the government interested, and the development of commerce will inevitably lead to the flow of population, as well as the difficulties of taxation and management, which are things that shake the foundation of the agricultural country.
This, coupled with the need for freedom brought about by commerce, is a taboo in hierarchical authoritarian states.The economic policies of the Ming Dynasty were conservative and negative even in traditional agrarian societies.There are two characteristics: one is egalitarianism: because of the disgust and reaction to the Mongol rule, Zhu Yuanzhang planned to "restore China" at the beginning of the founding of the country, and he expected the country to return to the situation before the Mongols' fishy pollution, so he set out to restore to the ancient ideal society, and his economic performance was very negative, in order to maintain the harmony and stability of the agricultural society, he cut the meat of the commercially developed areas of Suzhou and Hangzhou, and filled the pits in the underdeveloped areas, in order to maintain the balance of the development of the whole country, and the development of capitalism needed to be unbalanced, so that capital and labor are concentrated in one place, but under the interference of the national policy of the Ming Dynasty, all this is basically delusional.The Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty are to give up the management of the economic order, the most important of which is the negative financial management, mainly reflected in the coinage, the Ming Dynasty coinage is very small compared with the Song Dynasty, one reason is because of the lack of copper in China, after the failure of the issuance of banknotes in the early Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty gave up on finance, so that before the large inflow of silver in the Americas, local taxes returned to the state of payment in kind, which is extremely unfavorable to the development of commercial trade.Under the traditional idea of valuing agriculture and suppressing business, the politically correct approach was always to protect the interests of the peasants, not the merchants, and the focus of the state's work was always centered on the interests of the small peasants.The system established by the Emperor Hua was obtained in a peaceful way, and there were no wars and dead people, which resulted in the fact that the system of the Emperor Hua did not completely break the state and social structure at the end of the Qing Dynasty, who had money, in the final analysis, who still had money, and the Emperor Hua out of long-term considerations and the consideration of protecting the development of capital, the law of the Chinese State was to protect private property, which was even more troublesome.Caused the Huahuang, even if it wants to change, it can only be done in a clever way, and it must not be used in the way of robbery, the Huahuang is a person pulling history to walk, this is a very unnatural thing, the Huahuang himself knows better than anyone else, otherwise, according to the normal trajectory, from primitive accumulation, to economic development, it is too late, because before you can accumulate, the guns of small Japan, the guns of the great powers have already come.The great powers are desperately developing towards the imperial stage, can they still give you space for the development of a backward ancient country t1706231537: