The next day, Wang Dashan came up with a list of nine people, and Vladimir Granat came up with a list of three.In the end, Ekajielina Klimova, Wang Dashan and Vladimir Granat elected Zhang Haobo and Gao Yitong as the main and deputy second officers, and led a team of 200 capable cadres and soldiers, and more than a dozen senior agents who were familiar with the terrain and customs of Afghanistan, formed a sharp knife company and rushed to Kandahar.In 1747, Ahmad Khan, a Pashtun, was elected as the supreme leader of the Kandahar tribes, and Ahmad Khan changed his name to Ahmad Shah as emperor, and proclaimed the establishment of the Durrani dynasty with Kandahar as its capital.Later, Ahmad Shah's son, Timur, moved the capital to Kabul, but Kandahar remained a commercial center and military center in southern Afghanistan.In addition to being rich in fruits, Kandahar is also an important supply base for cattle and mutton and a wool distribution center for Afghanistan.Kandahar is strategically located in the south of Afghanistan, west to Herat, and at the intersection of Kabul, Herat and Quetta Pakistan.At the same time, it is also located in an oasis at an altitude of 1,000 meters above sea level at the northeastern end of the Lezistan Desert, which is of great strategic importance.The majority of Kandahar's inhabitants are Pashtuns and Tajiks, with a small number of Balochs, and a population of about 210,000.Kandahar was originally built by Alexander the Great.It was destroyed by the Mongols in 1221.In the 14th century, it was destroyed by Timur.In 1522 it came under the rule of Babur.In 1747 it became the capital of the Durrani dynasty.Pashtuns are the majority ethnic group of Afghanistan, also known as "Afghans", living in western Pakistan with about 10 million people, accounting for 16% of the total population of Pakistan, also known as "Patan".Ethnic groups in southeastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan.Speaking Pashto, they are the majority ethnic group of Afghanistan.Before the term "Afghan" came to refer to any ethnic group in Afghanistanstan at the beginning of the 21st century, Afghans were a name unique to Pashtuns.Pashtuns believe that they originated in Afghanistan and are descendants of a common ancestor.Some tribes migrated from Afghanistan to Pakistan in the 13th and 16th centuries.Pashtuns are farmers, herdsmen, and warlike.Most of the tribes were sedentary farmers, both farming and animal husbandry.Others are herdsmen and caravans on the move.Most people are willing to serve in the military.It is estimated that the Pashtun population in Afghanistan is about 7.5 million and tens of millions in Pakistan.They formed about 60 tribes, each of which was of great size and importance.Pashtuns belong to the Europaan race, the Indo-Pamir type.The language belongs to the eastern branch of the Iranian language family of the Indo-European language family, which is greatly influenced by the Indo-European language family, with many Arabic and Persian loanwords, as well as some ancient Iranian features, and Pashto is written in Arabic letters.The Afghan Steadin Pashtuns are divided into two major branches, the Durrani and the Gilzai, which are divided into several small tribes and tribal groups, and the leader is the king.In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durani, the leader of the Durrani tribe, established the Durrani dynasty, which for a time formed a huge military empire.Since then, the Durrani have played an important role in the political life of the country.Pashtuns in Pakistan also retain remnants of ethno-tribal organizations.Among them, it is divided into more than a dozen ethnic groups such as Yusuf Zai, Afridi, Momanda, and Arakzai.The ancestors of the Pashtuns were nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia to the south of the Hindu Kush Mountains in the latter centuries BC.In the 1011th century, some Pashtuns began to turn to farming.About one-fifth of the Afghan population of Stanpashtun is still engaged in a seasonal nomadic economy, with the majority engaged in irrigated agriculture.Pakistani Pashtuns are mostly sedentary farmers who are half-farming and half-pastoralist.Before the introduction of Islam, the Pashtuns mainly believed in Buddhism and Zoroastrianism.Around the 9th century C.E., a Muslim named Ibn Kalam began to spread the Sunni teachings.Later, he became the founder of the Karamiyya sect of Islam in Afghanistan.After that, Islam began to spread in large cities and commercial centers.By the 15th century, Herat had become the center of Islamic culture.The Pashtuns of Afghanistan and Pakistan are mostly Sunni Hanafi schools.Sunni is actually the state religion.There are also a small number of Shiite Pashtun residents in the western region.The majority of Pashtuns in Pakistan also follow the Sunni school of Hanafi jurisprudence, and some believe in the Shia Twelve Imam.The Pashtuns are devout and strictly adhere to the teachings and customs of Islam.These tribes scattered in the mountainous regions of Pakistan can be described as a "state within a state", and for the closed Pathans, the British colonial rule had little direct impact on their lives; Almost all of the people of the tribe live according to their own laws and traditions.Therefore, Wang Dashan initially had no hope of entering this area without using force, but with the support of Vladimir Granat, Wang Dashan also changed his opinion and thought that it was not impossible to give it a try.Tajiks call themselves "Tojiks", belong to the Europa race of Indian Pamir type, use Tajik eastern Persian, have writing, believe in Islam, mostly Sunni worship system is very high, some sects dominate life with religion, some belong to Shia secular life and take into account religion, distributed in Afghanistan, Iranian-speaking residents in Central Asia.Tajiks are traditionally a sedentary people, the part of them who live in Tajik and Uzbek, and speak Tajik, a dialect of Persian; The other part of the people who live in Afghanistanstan speaks Dari Persian.The Tajiks are the inheritors and disseminators of the settled culture of Central Asia.This culture spread from the Iranian plateau in prehistoric times to the area from the sea to the border with China.They gathered into villages and lived in flat-roofed houses made of mud or stone.They grow wheat, barley, and millet, and the cultivated land is good for irrigation.Tajik towns and cities were connected to Persia, China and India along trade routes, so the towns became centers of commerce and travel.Later, the Turks moved westward into areas inhabited by Tajiks.Although the Tajiks still retain their Persian language, they have become culturally Turkic.The majority of Tajiks are Sunni Muslims, but there are a few who live in remote mountainous areas and belong to the Shia sect of Islam."
The Tajiks are an ancient ethnic group in Central Asia, whose ancestors can be traced back to some Iranian-speaking tribes from the Eurasian steppes around the 10th century BC.These tribes formed the Tajiks in the Amu Darya Valley, the Zeravshan and Kashkadar River basins in Central Asia, the Ferghana Basin, and the areas south of Central Asia, together with the Bactrian people, Sogdians, Palkans, and ancient Ferghana peasants, who had previously lived there, and the nomadic Serbs in northern and northeastern Central Asia. ”"They have always had a relationship with our country.In the 2nd century B.C., the Yueshi people came to the Bactria region, and the ethnic composition of the Yueshi people included the elements of the Cypriots.A branch of the Sai people, the Kushans, founded a powerful Kushan state.In the 45th century, the decline of the Kushan kingdom led to the invasion of the Eftalites, who had established a vast state.By the 6th century, with the rise of the Turkic Khanate, the Turkic people were increasingly numerous, and from the end of the 10th century onwards they gradually gained the upper hand in the political life of Central Asia, thus beginning a centuries-long process of Turkicization.Many Tajiks were assimilated, but Persian remained and became a Chinese language in Turkic-ruled areas. ”Ekaterina Klimova said."
This is the biggest headache for me, a lot of regions, ethnicities, religions, I guess the Afghans themselves may not be able to distinguish clearly, I re-marked this according to the information given by the Bureau of Statistics, it took me a whole week to figure out a little bit."
Wang Dashan said bitterly."
If you are facing a single army like Britain and France, it is simpler, and I am most afraid of facing this kind of place where there is no country."
In the past, the Tajiks in the plains were mainly engaged in agriculture, mostly by artificial irrigation, but also by horticulture and animal husbandry.Agriculture is dominated by cotton, wheat, barley, rice, and potatoes.Farm implements were rudimentary, such as iron ploughshares, wooden ploughs, harrows woven from branches, homemade hoes and sickles."
Try not to get involved in conflicts between ethnic groups, and adhere to His Majesty the Emperor's purpose of respecting nationalities, respecting religious beliefs, and safeguarding regional peace, and there will be no problems."
Vladimir Granat said, "We respect Pashtuns and Tajiks, Sunnis and Shiites." ”Zhang Haobo and Gao Yitong both nodded and said, "Understood." ”"All your actions, if not too late, will pass through me, keep in telegraph contact at all times.If it's too late, you can use force to protect your own safety, and our guides are proficient in several of their national languages, so don't worry. ”Vladimir Granat continued to command.Zhang Haobo and Gao Yitong wrote down Vladimir Granat's instructions one by one."
When you go to the outskirts of Kandahar, see who is occupying it, and if it's an Afghan, go in and keep in touch with their Muhammad Yakub Khan.If you are already British, you can also enter, however, only to protect the embassy. ”Ekaterina Klimova ordered, "See the situation, if the safety of the Chinese merchants cannot be guaranteed, you can all evacuate." ”Vladimir Granat was not in favor of the evacuation, but did not say anything, Ekaterina Klimova was the head of the administration, and Ekaterina Klimova's idea was more secure.t1706231537: