More than 700 kilometers of railway from Pskov to Moscow could have been reached in ten or twelve hours before the World War.
But in the spring of 1919, Hersman spent so much time on the 700-kilometer stretch of the railway, that he and Natalie Lesinskaya became friends.
Unlike the last time I traveled from Pskov to Moscow, this time the train was not direct, but stop-and-go.
There is always a breakdown ahead, either the railroad is faulty or the train is faulty.
"There is a counter-revolutionary assassination activity," Natalie Lesinskaya would say to Hersman with righteous indignation when she encountered such a situation.
"Most of the engineers who worked on the railroads were dissatisfied with the Soviet government and would sabotage it at the first opportunity."
That's because your trains are always overloaded, and Hersmann certainly knows why the Russian railways are always in trouble.
Before actively promoting the evacuation of the company's engineers from Russia, he had received reports that the People's Commissar of Railways of the Bolsheviks had issued orders for railway cars to go beyond the prescribed ceiling, to carry as much cargo as possible, and to maintain and repair them with little maintenance.
This was due to the war and mismanagement, which caused very serious losses and damage to locomotives, wagons and railroad tracks.
Moreover, the heavy industry of Russia also suffered huge losses in the civil war, and was unable to repair the railways and replenish the losses of railway locomotives.
As a result, they can only quench their thirst and use overloading to barely maintain transportation.
This way of quenching thirst does not only exist in the railway sector, but is a common phenomenon.
The Bolsheviks inherited a collapsed country that had gone through several years of world war, and because it could not sustain the war, a revolution broke out, and as a result, it fell into an even more brutal civil war.
The Bolsheviks won the civil war by squeezing out all the remaining war potential in their jurisdictions by all means.
Even if the consequences of doing so would be to seriously damage Russia's future productive forces.
Because of the fear of war, the result was an even more brutal civil war.
Because they want to liberate the productive forces, the result is that the level of productivity has seriously regressed.
This is Russia today The most pernicious of the various methods adopted by the Bolsheviks to "stimulate potential" was probably the "surplus collection system", in which the peasants had to hand over all their harvest without compensation, except for rations and crops.
Naturally, such a policy was not supported by the peasants, and in order to implement it, machine-gun grain requisition teams were organized to force the peasants to hand over their grain, with the result that the peasants naturally lost their enthusiasm for farming.
When the train stopped due to various accidents, Hersman would get off the train and take a walk around the neighborhood with Natalie, taking the opportunity to observe the situation in the Russian countryside.
He also took a Leica portable camera to shoot everywhere, sometimes taking a few shots of Natalie, but most of the time he photographed abandoned land, ruined villages, or Russian peasants starving and begging.
When he arrived in Moscow, he was still filming before waiting for Lenin's reception.
He photographed empty shelves in shops, long queues of citizens buying rations of potatoes and brown bread, and factories that closed their doors at some point.
The photographs were not intended to be taken back to Germany for publication in magazines, but were intended to be presented to Comrade Lenin.
"Feradimir Ilyich, this is for you, I don't think you see any of that in Pravda."
Lenin should have known that Hersmann was filming the bad side of Soviet Russia, but he did not let people stop him from being the kind of foreign spy who entered Soviet Russia under the guise of a journalist, he was a senior intelligence officer of the German army, and the Bolshevik, although he did not know that he was Stasi's "general", he still knew that he was the head of the German military intelligence service.
Since such a person was invited as a VIP, I was afraid that he would take "not very good-looking" photos But Lenin did not expect Hersmann to show these pictures to himself, at the time of the Kremlin's reception.
Those who attended the meeting, including Kollontai and Krestinsky, who was the People's Commissar of Finance, and one of the newly elected five bigwigs, and Rakovsky, were a little embarrassed.
But Lenin was not displeased, but took the photographs and looked at them very carefully.
"It's a bad situation, and although it doesn't have it in Pravda, I know it's difficult."
Lenin's tone sounded heavy, but he quickly added, "But this is a temporary difficulty, because of the war, and once we defeat the White Guards, the situation will soon improve." ” "Not soon, Feradimir Ilyich," said Hersmann, sitting on a large, fluffy couch, to Lenin, who was on a couch beside him, a scene a bit like a television scene in which the leaders of the country receive foreign guests.
"You know, Marxism is economics, and you are an expert in it.
The devastation suffered by the Russian economy is quite fatal, and it is simply impossible to recover so quickly.
If the war had ended tomorrow, Russian industry and agriculture would probably have returned to their 1913 levels by 1929. ” "Ludwig, I don't think it will be that long, you don't know what Bolshevism is capable of."
Colontai interjected, "This can greatly liberate the productive forces." ” "What kind of positivity," Hersman shrugged, "I think it's idealism, in the case of material conditions that can't keep up, relying on spirit to increase productivity, if this kind of thing can be successful, what is the need for our two countries to cooperate?"
Lenin handed the picture to the People's Commissar of Finance Nikolai Nikolayevich Krestinsky, who also looked at it carefully.
Lenin looked at Hersmann, nodded and said: "Ludwig, you are our friend, and friends should tell the truth to each other."
So I agree with you that although there is a difference in the 10-year period, we will definitely take a long time, unless" "There is nothing unless," Hersmann said, "the German revolution will not succeed, let alone a world revolution."
In fact, you and I both know very well in our hearts that the future of the Hungarian revolution is not good.
For quite a long time to come, Soviet Russia was the only one. ” Most of the time it's the only one, and judging from the current situation, it's good to have this one.
The fact that the highly anticipated German revolution had failed completely, and that just a few days earlier, the Bavarian Soviet Republic had been suppressed by the Freikorps, showed without much effort that the forces of reaction in Germany were overwhelming, and that the German reactionaries were far more clever than the leaders of the progressive forces However, the "one-only" thing cannot be admitted now, and the banner of world revolution must be held high.
Otherwise, how can they incite the foreign working class to make trouble with their government?
If they don't make trouble, how can Soviet Russia live in peace Hersmann smiled at the silent Lenin and said, "There are some things that you can understand in your heart.
He paused, "I took these pictures and brought them to the Kremlin just to make it clear that the scenes in the photos are not what a socialist country should be."
The current Soviet Russia is only ruled by socialist parties, but it is not socialism.
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It is moving towards socialism, and the way forward is war at the moment.
However, after the victory in the civil war, there will be a long period of construction, which is the way for Russia to achieve socialism, and we in Germany are the only countries in the world that are genuinely willing to help Soviet Russia in construction.
That's the basis for our strategic partnership."
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