Silk has almost superior monetary properties over gold and silver.For example, it is very easy to identify the quality, and its miscellaneous evils are easily eliminated from the circulation field.Generally speaking, whether it is the Han Dynasty or the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the silk with a width of 2 feet 2 and a length of 40 feet is a horse, which is equivalent to about 2,000 Wen (two runs) of copper coins.Therefore, large transactions of more than 1,000 yuan are all in silk and satin, which is both simple and convenient, and easy to carry.Unlike precious metals, silk is not resistant to storage.Because precious metal currency will not deteriorate and will not be lost, it will be precipitated by private savings and will no longer enter the circulation field.Moreover, the more fine and accurate the amount of gold and silver, the easier it is to be collected by the people, and the more inferior the currency traded in the market, which will cause some economic problems.Silk contains protein, and if it is stored for too long, it will crack and yellow, forcing people to use it for circulation as much as possible.Therefore, the gold that prevailed in the Western Han Dynasty did not "disappear", but gradually precipitated in the folk cages and between the walls, and no longer circulated in the market.Of course, during the Han and Tang dynasties, gold and silver as currency were still popular in some areas.For example, at the end of the Han Dynasty, "Hexi Prefectures, or the gold and silver money of the Western Regions", that is, Byzantine gold coins and Persian silver coins.From the Southern Dynasty to the late Tang Dynasty, the entire Lingnan region, which is now Liangguang and northern Vietnam, was fully circulated with silver.The above exceptions were due to the fact that the residents of the Western Regions and Lingnan at that time were mostly engaged in foreign trade activities, and gold and silver were natural hard currencies in international trade, so gold, silver, especially silver, became the local currency.The British Empire is a semi-feudal and semi-capitalist dynasty based on commerce and industry and agriculture built by Li Lu.No matter what happened to Huaxia, anyway, in the British Empire, these things were fucking abolished by Li Lu.......
Of course, Confucianism and so on are not without merit, what benevolence, righteousness, wisdom and faith are still very useful, aren't they?
Anyway, in the British Empire, hundreds of schools were forced by Li Lu to carry out localization transformation with a knife handle......
There is no ideological constraint, especially without Confucianism chirping crookedly in the court, and Li Lu's prestige has long been unparalleled, in addition, the hundred officials headed by Xue Lu are full of praise for the new financial system reform plan that Li Lu has come up with, and with their support, the political hall of the British Empire and Li Lu jointly issued the reform plan of the financial system of the British Empire......
This financial system was built on the gold standard, in which the British Empire suspended all the operations of the cabinets and banks in the territory, including Tongfu Qianzhuang, and replaced them with several commercial banks that were upgraded on their basis, and they were supervised by the Ministry of Finance and the Huaxia Bank, which existed as a central bank........
In order to adapt to the increasingly prosperous commodity economy of the British Empire, and in order to better promote economic development, Li Lu and they came up with a currency based on the gold main silver auxiliary standard system for the first time in this time and space, that is, in this time and space, people called the imperial British dollar, according to the coinage law promulgated by the British Imperial Court, one British dollar is converted into one tael of sterling silver or half a penny of pure gold.This round of currency reform eliminated currency substitutes such as cloth and grain, and the gold, silver and copper coins issued by the British Empire became the only legal tender along with paper money upgraded from flying money.........
In order to complete this wave of currency reform, the most important thing is to raise a large amount of gold and silver, but these reserves are not accumulated in the country to maintain the credit limit of the currency, and the domestic issuance of silver coins and convertible silver banknotes and copper plates and other auxiliary coins to determine how much they are equivalent to gold, although it is possible to redeem gold, but it restricts the departure of gold.In order to be legal tender, the central government must set up an administrative national central bank, which is Huaxia Bank.......
What is a little funny is that when several commercial banks under the control of Huaxia Bank landed in Datang a few years later, because it was the head of those commercial banks, and because the commercial banks under the supervision of Huaxia Bank could send remittances, and the funds were particularly abundant, they were called HSBC by the businessmen and people of Datang, which made Li Lu depressed for a long time.......
Although the modern financial budget system originated in the West, it cannot be said that there was no financial budget germ in ancient China, and the budget and financial activities were inseparable.China's fiscal budget sprouted in the ancient Zhou Dynasty, when the "nine endowments and nine styles" system already had the color of the fiscal budget.At that time, it was stipulated that the tax from the castle was used for guest (diplomatic) expenses, the tax from the suburbs 100 li away was used for the expenditure of straw (forage), the tax from 200 li was used for the expenditure of fortifications (works), the tax from 300 li was used for the expenditure of bandits, the tax from 400 li was used for the expenditure of coins (coinage), the tax from 500 li was used for sacrificial expenses, the tax from the city of Guan was used for food and clothing, the tax from the mountains was used for funeral expenses, and the tax from the surplus currency was used for reward expenditure.The first six items have the nature of the field tax of the benefit tax, and the last three are the property tax with the nature of industrial and commercial tax.After the Qin and Han dynasties, the budget system has become a prototype.When Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty blamed Prime Minister Zhai Fangjin and said: "Hundreds of bureaucrats use degrees, each has a number", "You don't measure how much, and when you listen to the words of the group, the degree is insufficient." ”This shows that all kinds of expenditures in the Han Dynasty were budgeted, and because Zhai Fangjin did not implement the budget well, it caused "insufficient use".At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the budget had a clear and specific system.The budget of the Tang Dynasty was made once a year, that is, "one year old to make an account, and three years to make a household registration."
The county becomes the state, the state becomes the province, and the household department is the commander-in-chief".The budget at this time is bottom-up, and finally forms the state budget.In ancient China, there was not only a financial budget system, but also the principles of financial budgeting.The financial budget of the Zhou Dynasty adhered to the principle of "living within the limits of income".The royal system contains: "The mound is used for the state, and it must be at the end of the year, and all the grains will be entered, and then the country will be used."
The size of the land depends on the abundance of the year.With 30 years of passing, the system is used by the country, and the income is within the means. ”That is, fiscal expenditure is determined by fiscal revenue, and in good years, it is possible to collect more and spend more, and when the harvest is bad, collect less and spend less.In order to restore the social economy and reduce state expenditures in the early Han Dynasty, the budget principle of "keeping out of the amount and controlling the revenue" was proposed.Historical Records?
The Book of Equalization contains: The world has established, "the law is forbidden, the light field is rented and the tax is one, the officials are measured, and the officials are used to give it to the people."
That is, taxes are levied according to official expenses and other expenses, that is, income is organized according to expenditures.However, this whole set of classical fiscal budget system was built on the basis of the small peasant economy, and could not adapt to the increasingly prosperous commodity economy of the British Empire......
The emergence of the capitalist mode of production is the socio-economic condition for the emergence of the fiscal budget, and it is also the fundamental reason for the emergence of the fiscal budget.Only after the emergence of the new bourgeoisie as a powerful political force on the stage of history will it be possible to completely separate the royal finances from the state finances, and it will be possible to control the entire financial output and expenditure of the state through parliament and to draw up fiscal plans.Therefore, the budget system is not only a result of the process of political openness, but also a basic means to achieve political openness.Once the emerging bourgeoisie enters the stage of history, what can Li Lu work so hard to build the royal family of the British Empire?
In order not to follow the old path of the Stuart and Louis families, the British Imperial Family could only be the leader of the new bourgeoisie, vigorously develop the royal consortium, and serve as the core of the so-called state-owned economy of the British Empire.......
The reform of the currency system and the reform of the fiscal budget system together constitute this wave of financial system reform program, because they are based on the gold standard, so this program is also called the golden plan by later generations, and the great era that opened is also called the golden age.........