Cheng Qian left the council with a black face, and the eldest grandson Wuji and his party also felt a little like they were hugging their heads.
They walked in a hurry, and they didn't want to stay longer.
But Ma Zhou and the others were all smiling.
Especially people like Xu Jingzong and Chu Suiliang, who have no reverence for imperial power for a long time, today is not just as simple as defeating the emperor's plan to seize mines.
The two sessions of the House of Representatives convened by the emperor himself, and the bills proposed in person only received about 10% of the support rate.
On the contrary, the motion proposed by them was supported by ninety percent.
Although it is said that this is because of their proposal, which benefits the parliamentarians more, it is not simple.
This time, the emperor not only wanted to occupy the mine, but also wanted to bypass the six branches through the parliamentary assembly, and wanted to win over more parliamentarians to fight against the Zhang party, but the final result was a fiasco.
Seeing the emperor suffocating makes people happy.
With the precedent of this parliamentary meeting, they will have a basis in the future, and they can hold a general meeting to scold the emperor in the future.
Fang Xuanling did not leave with the emperor, he looked at the happy people in the house with a somewhat complicated expression.
"Ma Xiang, you guys are really this time" Fang Xuanling shook his head.
On the emperor's side and Ma Zhou's side, the people on both sides did not communicate with him in advance, and such a major matter was directly brought to the council.
There is no chance to communicate and agree, and the game between the two sides is becoming more and more intense.
Today's defeat of the emperor has greatly increased the prestige of the new party.
The emperor's authority was suppressed again, and Fang Xuanling didn't know whether all this was true or not, but he knew that he, the cabinet minister who was in charge of the prime minister, had actually lost his authority.
Today's distinction between the left and right made him understand that the strength of the new party is indeed so great that it covers the entire court, from the cabinet to the Hanlin Academy, to the Yushitai and the parliament, they all occupy a stronger strength.
In the last dispute over the right to mint and issue banknotes and special tax commodities, and then to the dispute over the ownership and development of minerals, the emperor and the royalists were defeated in two confrontations.
Not only did the New Party win a great victory, but especially the speed with which they reacted, and the way they dealt with it, which fully demonstrated their uncompromising attitude towards the Emperor.
A strong alliance of interests.
"Fang Xiang, do you think that I am the country reasonable?"
Ma Zhou asked Fang Xuanling.
I am the country, the monarch is divinely endowed, I have to say that the unity of heaven and man, since the Han Dynasty put forward, to now it is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
The imperial power is supreme, and even the idea that the emperor is the state is accepted by others.
However, since Zhenguan, this concept has been under attack.
Today's new party, their political philosophy, is already dissatisfied with the state and the divine right of the monarchy.
In Ma Zhou and other new parties, a new political concept has slowly formed a consensus under the leadership of Zhang Chao.
The idea that the state is greater than the emperor, or even the nation is higher than the state.
They can no longer accept the idea that I am the state.
The emperor and the state, the interests of the country should be higher than the interests of the emperor, and the state is not equal to the emperor.
In the New Party, there are even some people who believe that the interests of the nation should be higher than the interests of the state.
In other words, the imperial court is not equal to the state, but the nation is the state.
Today's New Party is united by this common idea, although there are some people who have no political beliefs or anything like that.
However, this idea of the New Party actually provided greater benefits and protection to the largest strata of today, the aristocratic vassal class, the industrial and commercial capital class, and even the bureaucratic and scholar class, and the landlord class.
It doesn't matter who is the emperor of the New Party, the state is higher than the emperor and the court is higher.
Compared with the royalists of the eldest grandson Wuji, it can be said that the concepts of the two sides are completely different.
The eldest grandson Wuji still resolutely believes that the emperor believes that the interests of the imperial court are the highest and the imperial power cannot be violated.
"The world is the world of the people of the world."
This is also a consensus of the New Party, that the world is not only the emperor's, but also the nobles, bureaucrats, and capitalists.
Of course, no one has yet mentioned that the world is the world of the common people.
Whether it is the eldest grandson Wuji or Ma Zhou, the left and right parties still pursue elite politics since ancient times, and ordinary people are just leaders, how can they participate.
I am the country.
The people of the world are the people of the world.
The collision of ideas is already so fierce that it is impossible for these people of the New Party to still be in awe of the imperial power.
It is almost impossible for the emperor to take power again, the emperor is looking for trouble every day or something, and the new party will tolerate it, but there is a limit.
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Once this line is exceeded, or what the emperor has done has been seriously endangered to the current political situation, then there will be another Xuanwumen change, and there will be no one more emperor in the Tang Dynasty.
Fang Xuanling has also read a lot of Western history and books over the years, and also knows that in the West, there have been many national systems other than the imperial system, such as the Roman Republic, and even the ancient Greek city-states, different city-states also have different systems, some are democratic, some are aristocracy, and some are monarchy.
Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, from city-states to republics, and Rome from republics and finally to empires.
The Roman Senate and other institutions did give him a different idea of the doctrine of divine authority of kings.
However, Fang Xuanling still found it difficult to accept this change in Datang.
He believes that the current Tang Dynasty is splitting.
Today there are left and right wings in parliament, which is a sign of a formal split party struggle.
The Tang Empire is so vast, rich and powerful, with a population of tens of millions and hundreds of thousands of elite troops.
Such a huge empire, once divided, one day, there will be internal strife and war.
"Fang Xiang, a certain and Wen Yuan have discussed the current and future development of the situation.
We don't plan to say that the imperial system will be abolished, there is still a need for an emperor in this world.
It's just that the emperor can't be unlimited.
The imperial court should be governed by the cabinet, the Hanlin and the parliament assisted by the king, and the princes should be the court. ” "Puppet emperor" There were only two private chats, and Fang Xuanling was not shy about speaking bluntly.
"No, each has his own duties."
In fact, Zhang Chao has already discussed the matter of constitutionalism with Ma Zhou, Chu Suiliang and many other people.
However, he did not choose the constitutional monarchy of Britain and France, but planned to wait until the conditions were ripe to implement the German constitutional monarchy.
The constitutional monarchy of the German Empire, known as a false constitutional monarchy, was also known as a feudal constitutional monarchy.
There is a big background, because at that time, Germany was divided to unified, the Junker aristocracy was powerful, and there was no bourgeois democratic environment.
In contrast to the unification of the English king, the German emperor had actual power in all aspects of domestic and foreign affairs, law and military.
The British cabinet was accountable only to Parliament, but the German cabinet was accountable to the Emperor.
In the British Parliament, the members of the House of Lords are appointed by the king, while the members of the House of Commons are elected by universal suffrage, and their House of Commons has more power.
In Germany, on the other hand, the Bundestag, appointed by the federal monarch, has real power, and the Reichstag, the lower house, which is elected by universal suffrage, has less power.
British constitutionalism, with a vacant monarch and parliamentary supremacy.
German constitutionalism, on the other hand, is constitutional or virtual, and autocracy is real.
German constitutionalism was characterized by the Junker aristocracy, followed by the bourgeoisie, feudal autocracy.
In Datang, it is impossible to implement a hypocritical constitutional government in one step, and it is difficult to turn a corner ideologically.
Therefore, the result of Zhang Chao and Ma Zhou's discussion is that the future Tang Dynasty should implement constitutional government, but the emperor still has a lot of power, but the cabinet and parliament in the court assist the emperor, plus the feudal guard, forming a constitutional system with Tang characteristics.
The emperor ruled the country through the cabinet and parliament, but in essence divided the nobles, bureaucrats, doctors, and capitalists to rule the world.
"Constitutional" "The establishment of a written constitution to determine the political system of the Tang Dynasty and clarify the division of powers.
This is just like the establishment of the Zhou rite system, which has been implemented by various dynasties for thousands of years. ” "Can the constitution limit imperial power?"
Fang Xuanling expressed some doubts.
"The constitution is to give the cabinet and parliament the legal basis for governing the country."
In the final analysis, it doesn't matter whether there is a written constitution or not, even if it is a verbal unwritten constitution, as long as everyone can uphold it, it is the same.
As now, there is a consensus among the majority of the people that it is better for the prime ministers to lead the court than for the emperor to directly manage the court.
"The cabinet and the Hanlin Academy assist the emperor in governing the country, but if the prime minister of the cabinet and the scholars of the Hanlin Academy are appointed by the emperor, then everything is still in the air?"
Wen Yuan means that in the future, the term of office of the prime minister and the bachelor will be five years, and they can be re-elected for two consecutive terms, but one-third of the prime minister and bachelor must be re-elected for each term.
The candidates for the new prime minister and bachelor are nominated and recommended by the cabinet and the Hanlin Academy, and selected by the emperor. ” Zhang Chao and Ma Zhou also realized the importance of prime ministers and bachelors, if the emperor is allowed to hold the power to appoint prime ministers and scholars, then the so-called constitutionalism with Tang characteristics is not empty talk.
Therefore, this power will not actually be directly handed over to the emperor.
Nine prime ministers and nine bachelors, three of each of which are replaced every five years.
Each time the prime minister and the scholars recommended a list of candidates for the prime minister and the scholars, they each recommended six people.
In the end, the emperor chose three of them.
The Emperor had less choice, and the candidates were put forward by the Prime Minister and the Scholars, and he could not nominate them in the name of these candidates.
"In the future, the right to recommend officials above the third rank is in the cabinet and the Hanlin Academy, and they recommend candidates, and the emperor chooses to appoint them."
Personnel power is a very important power, and only by holding personnel power can it be possible to hold power.
The positions of high-ranking officials above the third rank are also recommended by the prime minister and the scholars, and the emperor still chooses one of the two.
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The right to appoint officials from the third to the fifth rank is directly in the cabinet.
The right to appoint civil officials below the fifth rank is directly in the Ministry of Officials, and the right to appoint military attachés below the fifth rank is vested in the Ministry of War.
Constitution-making is to write these into a written constitution so that the cabinet and the Hanlin Yuan can seize these powers and not hand them over.
"I feel like I'm really old and can't keep up with you.
Maybe you're right, but I hope you can be more steady with each step," Fang Xuanling sighed. t1706231537: