Council Hall.
Members of both houses have come early every day for the past month.
The regent Zhang Chao authorized the parliament to give them an important task of deliberating on the draft Magna Carta.
This is also an agreement reached between Zhang Chao and everyone in the covenant.
Constitutional.
Zhang Chao set some tone for the draft Magna Carta.
For example, he personally proposed that imperial power was sacred, but limited to the provisions of the Magna Carta.
The constitution is above everything else, above the imperial power.
The establishment of the Parliament, the delegation of legislative power to the Parliament, and the implementation of a responsible cabinet system.
The imperial court was a federal empire, and the territory of the federation consisted of the provinces directly under the jurisdiction of the empire and the feudal regions of the princes.
These tones, which were put forward by Zhang Chao himself, made those parliamentarians very excited.
Since ancient times, emperors have only centralized power, and they have never seen such a voluntary delegation of power.
Since the Han Dynasty, the concept of divine authority of the monarch has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, but now the emperor has taken the initiative to propose that the constitution is higher than the imperial power, and proposed to govern the country according to the constitution and according to the law.
The parliamentarians represent all walks of life, and they know very well that if this charter is really enacted, then everyone's rights will really be greatly protected in the future.
Even if Zhang Chao, as the founding monarch of the country, has extremely high authority, as long as he is willing to abide by the charter he has made, the system of the new dynasty will be determined in the future.
Wei Zheng and Xu Jingzong are now the speakers of the upper and lower houses, and are responsible for spearheading the draft Magna Carta.
Zhang Chao put down his power, and the parliamentarians were very excited, but in fact, everyone did not have much bottom about how many articles should be listed in this Magna Carta and what specific contents should be written.
After all, the first time the world broke through.
"Do you say that the regent really wants to implement a constitutional government, or is it just a pretense, and when he ascends the throne, he will change back," Wei Zheng asked Xu Jingzong.
Xu Jingzong smiled.
In his heart, he felt that this constitution was unreliable, and how could the emperor restrain himself.
On the supreme imperial power, he still has to come up with a charter, isn't this unpleasant for himself However, Xu Jingzong said, "Of course, the regent has to implement the constitution, otherwise, why let us negotiate the draft charter here." ” For Xu Jingzong, what does it matter if the constitution is not a charter.
He didn't think that a charter could really restrain the emperor, especially the founding emperor like Zhang Chao.
In the past, Emperor Zhang Chao was not, but he was also able to grasp power So, some people are just too attached to the surface.
He felt that this charter was actually used to appease people's hearts.
However, the parliamentarians did discuss the charter very carefully.
It was proposed.
"Since it will be a cabinet responsibility system in the future, then I don't think the Hanlin Yuan should have the power to approve the red."
"If the cabinet responsibility system is implemented, there is no need to even approve the red itself." ” Approve the red, that is, the cabinet handed the ticket to the emperor after the draft, and the emperor approved the red.
Since Zhang Chao said that the cabinet will be responsible for the system in the future, there is no need to say that the cabinet will approve the red again, and it should be directly approved and disposed of by the cabinet.
There was a favour.
If the emperor doesn't need to approve the red, then where does the Hanlin Academy get the power to approve the red, they approve the red on behalf of the emperor.
If the emperor does not approve the red, then the Hanlin Yuan will be retained in the future, doesn't it mean that the Hanlin Yuan is more powerful than the cabinet A group of people argued vigorously.
They all said that they would abolish the power of the Hanlin Yuan to approve the red, and the imperial court only had the cabinet responsible for overseeing the government.
Since the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, although the cabinet has the right to vote, but it is only to provide the emperor with a preliminary opinion, and the final decision-making power is still in the hands of the emperor, and even because the Hanlin bachelor approves the red for the emperor on behalf of the emperor, its power can even be compared with the cabinet.
The power of the Cabinet is actually unstable, because their votes can be vetoed at any time.
Now that Zhang Chao has made it clear that the cabinet responsibility system is in place, the Hanlin Yuan can still be used as an advisory body to the emperor in the future, but it should no longer retain the right to approve red.
Otherwise, that power will overtake the cabinet.
Many parliamentarians have reached a consensus that in the future, the Hanlin Yuan will not have the right to approve red, and the cabinet will no longer need to vote to approve red.
"The emperor should have the right of veto."
Xu Jingzong went over and added loudly.
If the cabinet directly has the right to approve red, then why does the emperor Xu Jingzong think that Zhang Chao asked him to come to the parliament, that is, let him do the check.
Some parliamentarians thought about it, and this is also the reason, they can't let the emperor really stand on one side, so what else is the emperor called.
Now it is good to have the cabinet directly have the power to dispose of it.
The prime ministers of the Cabinet discussed and disposed of the matter together, and finally the prime minister gave their opinions.
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But the emperor can also do it if he has objections to the disposition.
However, compared with the past, the current cabinet is equivalent to directly having the power to approve red, which is to add the power of voting and the right to approve reds in the past, and there is a constitutional guarantee for their power.
The emperor has the ultimate veto, but this veto cannot be used every time.
Procedurally, the Cabinet's Governor-General is confirmed.
In the past, the tickets had to be placed in front of the emperor after drafting, and they were approved by the Hanlin Academy and the emperor Zhu, but now, it is directly approved by the cabinet, and there is no need to go through the emperor's side.
Even if the emperor wants to veto, it is still for some of the movements, and the whole procedure will not change.
In the end, a consensus was reached that the Hanlin Yuan no longer had the right to approve the red, the cabinet directly had the right to give instructions, and the emperor had the right to veto.
At the end of the day's discussion, Xu Jingzong went to the cabinet to report the progress to Zhang Chao.
After listening to the results of their discussion today, Zhang Chao just smiled.
"The cabinet responsibility system is to let the cabinet take charge of the government and the real cabinet is responsible.
This is very good, but as for the emperor having the right of veto, it doesn't matter if he adds it or not. ” Xu Jingzong said, "As the lord of the world, the emperor must of course have this power. ” Zhang Chao believes that the emperor who is really capable, in fact, even if he does not add this article, power is ultimately reflected by people, and the emperor can achieve his own will through consultation with the prime ministers of the cabinet.
For many things, the emperor does not necessarily have to charge forward like Cheng Qian.
It's not that you can do whatever you want when you become an emperor, if the emperor's ideas harm the interests of the majority, then even if it is a powerful emperor like Yang Guang and Li Shimin, there will be times when it can't be implemented.
And if the emperor's opinion can take care of the interests of the majority, even if the emperor does not have this veto power, will it not be able to pass?
Cabinet, parliament, and other government officials can also coordinate well.
The emperor has the right to convene the imperial council, and even has the right to participate in the cabinet meeting, in itself, in fact, the emperor has always had the right to participate in political decision-making, but this cabinet responsibility system is to give the cabinet more guarantees.
Avoid falling into the hands of a harem, eunuch or some powerful ministers.
Of course, there is no problem for the emperor to really participate in political decision-making, but if there are those children and grandchildren who are not capable of becoming emperors in the future, then he personally does not have the ability to coordinate to control the cabinet and government, which is actually a good thing.
If the emperor is incapable, let the cabinet govern well, so as not to faint the king and mislead the country.
"But if the emperor does not have the right of veto, how can this reflect the authority of the emperor, and if there is someone in the cabinet who has exclusive power, won't it be impossible to control it?"
"How can it be so serious, the charter stipulates that the throne is hereditary, and the heirs are not established, and the elders are not virtuous, which is the foundation of the imperial succession law, and the constitution also guarantees that the throne is hereditary, if anyone dares to challenge this article, it is unconstitutional, and the whole world can punish it."
On the other hand, there are nine prime ministers in the cabinet, one at a time and seven auxiliaries, each prime minister can serve a maximum of two consecutive terms of ten years, and one third of the prime ministers must be replaced in each term, that is, three prime ministers must be replaced in one term.
Even if the list of prime ministers is selected by the cabinet, after all, it is the emperor who selects and appoints the candidates in the end.
If you are worried that the prime minister is not under control, in fact, Zhang Chao has another way.
"In the future, three prime ministers will be re-elected every five years, and three candidates may be elected by the cabinet, the upper house, and the lower house, and the list shall not be repeated, and finally the emperor shall elect one of the candidates in the cabinet, the upper house, and the lower house among these candidates."
The Cabinet, the House of Lords, and the House of Lords each have three candidates for prime ministers, and the emperor will select one of each candidate, and the candidates must not be repeated, so that the prime minister can be guaranteed to enter the cabinet, and will not be the person designated by the prime ministers of the cabinet.
As an emperor, there are ways to be in power.
Those who are capable naturally have the means to take power.
If you are incapable, it is better not to be in power.
In any case, the constitution not only restricts part of the imperial power, but also protects the imperial power.
"Another thing, some parliamentarians think that the court now has thousands of real nobles, if all of them are qualified as members in the future, then there must be at least 5,000, and if you add the false titles, there must be at least 8,000 noble councilors.
Some nobles were royal dukes, and their fiefs were large and populous.
And some nobles are viscounts and barons, with small fiefs and small populations, and even those fictitious titles have no fiefdom population at all. ” "If everyone in the House of Lords has the same power, it will be a little unfair."
Uneven.
Zhang Chao smiled, very good, these people are already thinking about the unfairness of power.
"It's also simple, the fictitious nobles have one vote, the real feudal baron has two votes, the earl marquis has three votes, the county duke has four votes, and the county prince has five votes."
Or a false vote, and the man Bohou and the prince will add it again.
Specifically, we can talk about it again.
This is the same as the general meeting of shareholders, not according to the number of people, but according to the number of votes.
A fictitious king, of course, cannot enjoy the same status in parliament as a fictitious baron.
"However, the different number of votes held by each candidate according to his rank is only useful in the election of deputies at all levels of parliament.
When deputies are elected at all levels, then in parliament they should have the same voting rights.
The senators of the Imperial House of Nobles, whether barons or kings, hold only one vote. ” The vassals are equivalent to the shareholders of the empire, and when the parliament is elected, they are equivalent to holding a general meeting of shareholders, and they have different votes according to their shares.
But if there are parliaments at all levels, it is equivalent to a board of directors or something, and at this time it is no longer based on the number of votes, but on the basis of seats.
"I hope that the draft charter will be drawn up as soon as possible."
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Zhang Chao told Xu Jingzong that the charter was not an ordinary law, and what he needed was not exhaustive details, but to establish the system of the future empire in the general direction.
As for the detailed laws, the empire could later revise and promulgate various laws on the basis of the charter.
As soon as Zhang Chao said this, Xu Jingzong suddenly became much more enlightened.
The federal empire, the cabinet responsibility system, parliamentary legislation, refusal, the abolition of the approval of the Hanlin Yuan, the constitution is above all else, the feudal state has autonomy, but has no legislative, diplomatic, war, and tax law powers, and has administrative, judicial, tax-leviing, and self-defense rights within the fiefdom.
"I see, I'll go back and convey it to the council." t1706231537: