There was a time when water conservancy experts were discussing whether the Yellow River irrigation canal was necessary.
As for the water scarcity in the north, most environmental experts believe that it is the result of human destruction of the environment.
Because of the siltation of the Yellow River, some of the original rivers, such as the Mi River, may have been a tributary of the Yellow River, but now they are separate rivers.
The same is true of the Shanghe River in Shandong.
Historians and environmentalists agree that there was no shortage of water in this area even if there was no Yellow River.
The excavations of Yinxu prove this.
Because the plant communities found in the humus of its strata prefer warm and humid climates.
There are different variations in different periods.
In general, the environment is in a process of rapid degradation due to human farming activities, and there have been several iterations in between, but they are all related to wars and global environmental changes.
But the trend of declining species and increasing desiccation is unchanged.
In particular, the enclosure of the site has brought a great deal of environmental and climatic information.
This has made many experts pay attention.
The excavation of Yin Ruins was very slow.
However, the palace area in the northeast of Xiaotun Village has already taken shape, and it is divided into three groups in chronological order: A, B, and C.
The base sites of Group A are distributed in the north, close to the Huanhe River, mostly east-west, and the earliest age.
Later, the city expanded out of the line Group B is distributed in the middle of the site, and the gate is mostly to the south, which is later than Group A, but the area is the largest.
Group C is distributed in the southern part of the site slightly to the west, with most of the doors facing south, and some to the east or west, and the age is the latest.
The plan of these building sites is mostly rectangular, but there are also nearly square, as well as convex and concave shapes.
When building, some dig the foundation groove first and then fill the soil and ram it; Some only dig up the original cultural layer, and then backfill the pure soil and ram it.
Most of them are based on stone pillars, and some have copper foundations on top of them.
Under the foundation site or on the side of the door, people are often used to "lay the foundation".
And some of the burial pits have also attracted attention.
Archaeology students are working with the Institute of Biology to study the bones.
On the west and south sides of the palace temple ruins, there is a giant defensive ditch that is one kilometer long from north to south, more than 600 meters long from east to west, 10-20 meters wide and 5-10 meters deep, and its east and north ends communicate with the meanders of the Huan River.
This was supposed to be a fortification similar to a city wall.
The institute was built on the meanders of the river outside the moat.
This trench filling was cut in some cross-sections.
The sedimentary layers above are carefully divided.
And it was classified and studied.
The Institute of Geology is very interested in these things.
"It is now certain that the environment is degrading and that species are on a decreasing trend."
In the institute, Yang Zongjian, who specializes in loess and climate, said with some discouragement: "Even if we work hard, I am afraid we will not be able to restore the previous ecology."
Because a lot of species have disappeared. ” "As a result of geological drilling, the climate of the North China Plain has changed dramatically, and it is precisely the three or four thousand years of human activities that have been the most intense.
The main reason is that the interval between recessions is too short.
Our deepest place hit more than 1,300 meters deep loess, the situation is very complicated, it is a book of heaven to interpret the ancient climate and events, we have not had time to carry out detailed classification and analysis, but in the past 3,000 years have a general impression.
The results are similar to those of the environment.
Li Siguang affirmed.
"Our civilization is buried under this loess, and the so-called vicissitudes of life are talking about this."
Wang Guowei's eyes are getting thicker and thicker.
"In the past, we only cared about oracle bones and ancient characters, but now it seems that we are still too shallow."
"Each has its own strengths."
Zhang Chun said with a smile: "In the past, due to the lack of technology and understanding, coupled with ethnic groups, living habits and other reasons, people concentrated their methods of obtaining food in a single industry.
But that's not the case now.
We have also made a lot of progress in the use of natural resources.
We can't restore the environment to its former state, but at least we can keep it evolving instead of degrading.
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No matter how slow, it's always good to evolve. ” Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin restored the architectural model of the Shang Dynasty according to the excavated foundations, pillar stone foundations, and views.
Of course, there are some fragments to refer to, but both of them think that the information is not enough.
These buildings are made of loess, wood and other building materials, rammed high and thick foundations, the frame is supported by wooden columns, and the walls are built with rammed earth plates.
Houses and courtyards are complex and interconnected; There are multiple courtyard combinations, symmetrical left and right.
Basically, the architectural style of the house has been formed in later generations.
However, the excavation area of the existing ruins is still too small, and there are not many related artifacts.
Liang suggested that it would be better to build a temporary facility to protect all of this.
Restoration is underway after the excavation is completed.
Now it's all temporary small sheds.
It is not enough for the protection of cultural relics.
This actually supports the views of his younger brother Liang Siyong.
Liang Siyong believes that although the archaeological research institute was established, it was dedicated to the protection and research of cultural relics.
However, the protection technology of cultural relics is not enough, and although some cultural relics have been treated, they still cannot prevent oxidation and decay.
The most important thing is that the cultural relics should be preserved in situ, which can see many problems from the placement and layout.
Although the excavation progress has been slowed down due to the study of the environment, flora and fauna, and geology.
Liang Siyong still thinks it's too fast.
In particular, Luo Zhenyu was very anxious about the delay in some places where oracle bones or bronzes could be excavated quickly, and kept urging, Wang Guowei and Luo Zhenyu's parents would often quarrel a few words, which was very big in everyone's eyes.
The Institute of Environment, the Institute of Flora and Flora, and the Institute of Geology also believe that the excavation speed should be slowed down appropriately, and they need to choose a place to build a laboratory specializing in paleontology, paleoclimate, and paleoenvironment.
So the excavation work in Anyang slowed down again.
The research in Yinxu has also put forward higher requirements for agricultural layout and agricultural science and technology.
The North China Plain is now divided by a wide green transportation system.
It is conducive to the use of small agricultural machinery, and the collective farms here are larger and more intensive, but the difficulty of industrial layout is also more difficult.
There is no longer a primitive ecology here, but a completely artificial agricultural ecology.
In addition to roads, rivers and canals, some ponds and small lakes also require a certain scale of forestry and animal husbandry.
Farmers' cattle must have a place to graze and feed.
In addition to the problem of soil and water conservation, the biggest thing in these green forest belts is wind protection.
Nuts and fruits are also produced, and these woods are home to many birds and animals.
The water in the rivers no longer swells and plummets, and the rain is left on the earth.
They increase the amount of transpiration over the North China Plain, and the water that is transpired will turn into rainwater and fall into the next cycle.
It's better than turning into a flood and rushing into the sea.
Diversified agriculture, diversified forestry and animal husbandry have led to the processing industry and accepted a considerable part of the population.
This also reduces the pressure on arable land per capita.
The increase in the capacity of forest and pastoral areas to accommodate the common people is actually due to the development of the processing industry.
The status of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry in the North China Plain and the income have reached a balance.
It's just that because of the problem of customs and habits, it is still mainly agricultural.
But with the increase in the level of education, the situation will gradually improve.
Soil degradation in the Shandong region has stopped, but has begun to evolve slowly, and the newly annexed Hebei Province has not been formed into an independent province, but has been merged into Shanxi Province.
The destruction of agriculture in Shanxi Province has been great, but the degradation has also been initially contained.
Of course, there are new problems, and the restoration of vegetation in the former channels of the Yellow River irrigation canal is progressing slowly.
The water of the Yellow River has become very clear, so it is beginning to erode the course of the Yellow River.
The channel of the irrigation canal is declining rapidly, and it was originally intended to use this old river channel for irrigation, but the opening opened in the first year will not be used in the second year.
Because the riverbed is elevated.
Vegetation can stop this process, but it can't be done so quickly.
That's why many people are proposing to abolish the Yellow River irrigation canals.
It doesn't do much now anyway.
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Yan Xishan and Sun Chuanfang disagreed, they put too much thought into this old river, believing that even if the water shortage in the north was curbed, water would have a very large role in promoting the environment.
Zhang Chun said that the pumping station could stop pumping water and give the vegetation on the riverbed a chance to recover.
During the flood period of the Yellow River, the flood distribution role of the irrigation area must be maintained, otherwise the pressure on the downstream Jianghuai province will be too great.
Now the peak flow of the Yellow River is reduced, but the flood period is much longer.
Irrigation canals also help keep freshwater resources on the ground.
This would really improve the ecology and the climate a lot.
As long as the plants in the riverbed are given time to recover, forestry and water conservancy managers are working hard to transplant and nurture the plants to speed up the progress of plant reproduction.
The abundance of plants has reached a certain level.
The erosion of the riverbed will be curbed.
Zhang Chun supported the environment's rejection of the idea of using concrete to build the bottom of the irrigation canal.
Because it is in Shaanxi that with the introduction of large quantities of mosses and ferns, some irrigation canals have stopped eroding the loess.
At the same time, these plants also play a role in purifying the water, and it is these plants that make the water of the Yellow River now reach the level of drinking water.
Of course, the most important thing is to leave the water on the road and not into the ocean.
R1152