Chronology of modern Chinese history Lin Zexu is a non-smoking in Guangzhou.
In June, cigarettes were sold at Humen Beach.
The British government decided to launch a war of aggression against China.
Year 1840 In June, the Opium War broke out, and the British army moved from Guangzhou to Xiamen, captured Dinghai, and invaded Tianjin in the north.
Year 1841 In January, Qishan signed the "Treaty of Piercing Nose Grass" with the British, and Emperor Daoguang was dissatisfied and sent Yishan to Guangzhou to preside over the military and fight against the British.
Guan Tianpei fought against the British army at Humen Fort and died heroically.
In May, the British army advanced to Guangzhou, and Yishan surrendered.
The people of Sanyuanli waged an anti-British struggle.
In September, Dinghai fell again, and the three general soldiers died against the enemy.
Year 1842 In June, Chen Huacheng adhered to Wusongkou to serve the country.
The defenders of Zhenjiang fought to the end with the enemy.
In August, the British ships reached the Nanjing River, and the Qing government was forced to sign the Sino-British Treaty of Nanjing.
Year 1843 The British forced the Qing Dynasty to sign the Sino-British Five-Port Trade Charter and the Treaty of Humen as an annex to the Treaty of Nanjing.
Hong Xiuquan founded the Worship of God Religion. 1844 year The Sino-US Treaty of Wangxia and the Sino-French Whampoa Treaty were signed.
Hong Xiuquan and Feng Yunshan went to the mountainous areas of Guangxi to preach, and Yang Xiuqing, Xiao Chaogui, Wei Changhui, and Shi Dakai successively participated in the worship of God and became the backbone of the leadership.
Year 1848 Hong Xiuquan wrote articles such as "Yuan Dao Jue Shi Xun" and "Taiping Tianri", showing his desire to establish the imperial cause.
Year 1851 On January 11, Hong Xiuquan rebelled in Jintian Village, Guangxi, and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
In September, he was established as a king in Yong'an Prefecture.
Year 1853 In March, the Taiping army occupied Nanjing, renamed Tianjing, and designated it as the capital.
The "Heavenly Dynasty Farmland System" was promulgated.
In April, the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition were launched.
In September, Zhou Lichun led Zhao Yi, the people of Qingpu, and Liu Lichuan led the uprising of the Shanghai Little Knife Society.
The Northern Twisters revolted.
Year 1855 The Twist Party assembled the alliance in the Pheasant River, pushed Zhang Lexing as the leader of the alliance, and began to have unified command and leadership.
The Twist Army became the ally of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the north.
Year 1856 In autumn, the "Tianjing Incident" occurred.
The Second Opium War broke out.
Year 1858 Tsarist Russia forced Heilongjiang General Yishan to sign the Treaty of Aihui.
Anglo-French forces occupy Tianjin.
Russia, Britain, France, and the United States forced the Qing government to sign the Treaty of Tianjin. 1859 year In June, British and French envoys went to Beijing to exchange the text of the treaty, deliberately provocatively and bombarded Dagukou.
The Chinese defenders returned fire, sinking and destroying more than a dozen enemy ships, and the British naval commander was seriously wounded.
Year 1860 The Anglo-French forces captured Tianjin and Beijing.
The Treaty of Beijing between China and Britain, China and France, and China and Russia was signed.
Year 1861 In November, the Nala clan staged a coup d'état (historically known as the "Xinyou Coup" or "Beijing Coup").
Chinese and foreign reactionary forces colluded to suppress the Taiping Rebellion.
Zeng Guofan founded the Anqing Ordnance Institute.
It was the first military industry sent by the Westerners.
Year 1862 Chen Yucheng died in the defensive battle of Anqing.
Li Xiucheng led his army to attack Shanghai and fought fiercely with Chinese and foreign reactionary troops.
Zeng led the reactionary forces and besieged Tianjing with the cooperation of foreign invaders.
The Taiping people fought to defend Tianjing.
Year 1864 In July, Tianjing fell, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom failed.
Year 1865 Aguba led an army to invade Xinjiang.
Soon, he established the state of Zhedeshar and established himself as Khan.
The Russian and British invaders recognized this puppet regime one after another.
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Year 1867 Under the pretext that the sailors of the American ship were killed, the United States sent troops to invade Langwang Qiao in Tainan, but was repelled by the people of Taiwan.
Year 1868 The Twist Army failed.
Year 1871 Tsarist Russia sent troops to invade and occupy the Ili region.
Year 1872 Li Hongzhang set up a steamship China Merchants Bureau in Shanghai.
It was the first civilian-related industry sent by the Westerners.
Guangdong Nanhai Commercial Office was founded in Jichanglong Silk Reeling Factory. 1874 year The Japanese invading army invaded Langwang Qiao in Taiwan, and the Taiwanese army and people resolutely resisted, and the Japanese army suffered a crushing defeat.
The Qing government was forced to sign the Beijing Treaty.
Year 1876 The Sino-British Treaty of Yantai was signed.
Year 1881 Tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Treaty of Ili.
Year 1883 In December, the Sino-French War broke out. 1884 year In late August, French ships made a surprise attack on the Fujian Navy Division at Mawei Military Port.
The Qing government issued an edict to formally declare war on France.
In October, Liu Mingchuan's Qing army repelled the French army that had invaded Taipei.
Year 1885 In March, French ships invaded Zhenhai, Zhejiang.
Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army cooperated with the Vietnamese people to defeat the French army at Lintao and recover more than 10 prefectures and counties.
Feng Zicai defeated the French army at Zhennan Pass, pursued the victory, and recovered Langshan and other important places.
In June, the Sino-French New Covenant was signed.
Year 1888 Kang Youwei wrote to Emperor Guangxu for the first time, asking for a change in the law.
Year 1894 The Donghak Party of Korea revolted, and Japan took the opportunity to send troops to Korea and occupy Seoul.
In July, the Japanese army suddenly attacked Chinese transport ships and garrisons near Asan, provoking the Sino-Japanese War of aggression against China.
Zuo Guigui died in the Battle of Pyongyang.
In the Battle of the Yellow Sea, Deng Shichang, Lin Yongsheng and others died.
The Japanese army invaded the Liaodong Peninsula, and the people of Northeast China bravely resisted the enemy and defended the country.
Sun Yat-sen established the Xingzhong Society in Honolulu, USA.
Year 1895 In the Battle of Weihaiwei, the Beiyang Navy was destroyed.
The Qing government sued for peace with Japan and was forced to sign the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Shimonoseki.
The Taiwanese rebels led by Xu Xiang cooperated with Liu Yongfu to resist the Japanese army.
Kang Youwei and others "wrote on the bus" and opposed the peace talks with Japan and asked for a change in the law.
Year 1897 Germany forcibly occupied Jiaozhou Bay, and the national crisis was serious.
Yan Fu's translation of "The Theory of Heavenly Evolution" is regularly published in the "Guowen Bao". 1898 year In June, Emperor Guangxu promulgated the "Edict on the Establishment of the Country", and appointed Kang Youwei as the prime minister, Yamen Zhangjing.
Then he sent Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, Lin Xu and others to participate in the pre-change method.
In September, the Nala clan (Empress Dowager Cixi) staged a coup d'état, imprisoned Emperor Guangxu, and killed six people, including Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, and Lin Xu.
It is known in history as the "Wuxu Coup".
The Pentecostal method failed. 1899 year In the autumn, the Boxers in the Shandong Plains County staged an armed uprising under the leadership of Zhu Honglan.
The United States has put forward an "open door" policy of aggression against China.
Year 1900 In the summer, under the influence of the Boxer Rebellion in the Beijing-Tianjin area, the Boxer Rebellion also broke out in other places, and a wave of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggles broke out throughout the country.
In June, the Eight-Nation Coalition invaded China.
The Boxers resisted the Eight-Nation Coalition in Langfang, Laolongtou Station, Zizhulin Concession and other places, besieged the embassy in Dongjiaomin Lane and Xishiku Church in Beijing, and cooperated with the Qing army to block the Eight-Nation Alliance in Beilun.
Tsarist Russia sent troops to invade the northeast of our country, causing the Hailan Pao and Jiangdong 64tun tragedy. 1901 year In September, the Treaty of Xincho was signed. 1902 year Zhang Binglin's "Refutation of Kang Youwei's Book on Revolution" was published in the "Su Bao". 1903 year Zou Rong wrote "The Revolutionary Army", and Zhang Binglin wrote the preface to "The Revolutionary Army". 1904 year The bourgeois revolutionary groups Huaxinghui and Guangfuhui were founded.
Chen Tianhua is the author of "Fierce Return" and "Alarm Bell". 1905 year The China League was established in Tokyo, Japan, put forward a political program, elected Sun Yat-sen as prime minister, and founded the "Minbao". 1906 year The revolutionary party revolted in Pingxiang, Liling, and Liuyang, and 6,000 Anyuan miners participated in the struggle, but ultimately failed. 1907 year Sun Yat-sen led the uprisings in Chaozhou, Huizhou, Qinzhou, Lianzhou and Zhennanguan, and was defeated.
Xu Xilin rebelled in Anhui and was killed in defeat.
Qiu Jin was ready to respond in Zhejiang, and was arrested and generously justified. 1911 year In April, Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing launched an uprising in Guangzhou, which failed.
In May, the Pro-Road Movement broke out.
On October 10, the Wuchang Uprising broke out.
The revolution first won victory in the three towns of Wuhan, established the Hubei Military Government, and changed the name of the country to the Republic of China. 1912 year On New Year's Day, Sun Yat-sen, the provisional president of the Republic of China, took office in Nanjing, proclaiming the founding of the Republic of China.
This was followed by the establishment of the Provisional Senate, and soon after, the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China enacted by the Senate was promulgated.
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In February, the Qing emperor abdicated.
Sun Yat-sen resigned, and Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of the revolution and took over as the provisional president of the Republic of China.
Song Jiaoren and others prepared to organize a responsible cabinet to limit Yuan Shikai's power; The League was reorganized into the Kuomintang. 1913 year In March, Yuan Shikai sent men to kill Song Jiaoren at the Shanghai Railway Station.
In July, the "Second Revolution" broke out.
After the failure of the "Second Revolution", Yuan Shikai forced the National Assembly to elect him as the official president, and his power was further expanded. 1915 year In January, Japan proposed the "Twenty-One Articles" to destroy China.
In December, Yuan Shikai became the emperor of the Chinese Empire and changed his name to "Hong Xian".
Cai Yi rebelled in Yunnan, organized a protector, and crusaded against Yuan Shikai.
Chen Duxiu founded the "Youth Magazine" and published an article "To the Youth" in the inaugural issue, putting forward the slogan of democracy and science and setting off a new cultural movement. 1916 year Yuan Shikai died in despair.
Le Yuanhong succeeded him as president.
Premier Duan Qirui manipulated the real power of the Beijing government.
France forcibly occupied Tianjin Laoxikai in order to expand the ** concession.
The workers of Tianjin were the first to rise up to resist, and the people of the whole country vigorously supported and smashed the French plot to occupy Lao Xikai.
Li Dazhao published an article entitled "Youth", calling on young people to pursue progress and bravely create a youthful China and the world. 1917 year Zhang Xun's restoration failed.
Duan Qirui ordered a declaration of war on Germany, announcing that the Provisional Statute and the National Assembly would not be restored.
Sun Yat-sen launched the Dharma Protection Movement in Guangzhou. 1918 year Lu Xun published "Diary of a Madman", calling on the people to rise up and overthrow the old society of cannibalism.
Li Dazhao published "The Victory of the Common People" and "The Victory of Bolshevism", enthusiastically praising the October Socialist Revolution.
On May 4, 1919, the May Fourth Movement broke out On June 3, workers in Shanghai went on strike In the summer of 1920, the first ** group was established in Shanghai In the autumn, the Socialist Youth League and the ** group were established in Hunan In July 1921, China was founded From January to March 1922, the Chinese seamen in Hong Kong went on strike In July, the "Second National Congress" was held In September, the Anyuan Road miners went on strike In February 1923, the Jinghan railway workers held a general strike In June, the "Big Three" were held In January 1924, the First National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang was held, and the revolutionary united front was formally formed Dr.
Sun Yat-sen passed away on March 12, 1925 On 30 May, the May Massacre occurred, and the anti-imperialist movement broke out June 1925 - In October 1926, Hong Kong workers went on strike In March 1926, he published "Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society" Chiang Kai-shek instigated the "Zhongshan Ship Incident" In May, Chiang Kai-shek proposed a "plan to sort out party affairs" In July, the National Revolutionary Army set out on the Northern Expedition October 1926 - In March 1927, there were three armed uprisings of the workers of Shanghai In January 1927, the people of Wuhan and Jiujiang recovered the British Concession In March, the "Hunan Agricultural Action Investigation Report" was published.
On April 12, Chiang Kai-shek staged a counter-revolutionary coup On July 15, Wang Jingwei's clique betrayed the revolution Second Civil Revolutionary War On August 1, the "August 1st" Nanchang Uprising On August 7, the Central Committee held the "87" meeting (in Hankou) In September, he led the Autumn Harvest Uprising in Hunan and Jiangxi In October, he led the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army to the Jinggangshan area On December 11, the Canton Uprising In April 1928, the Jinggangshan division was established to form the Fourth Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army In December 1929, the Furuta Conference was held In March 1930, the Chinese Left-wing Writers' Union was founded Winter- In the autumn of 1931, the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in the Central Revolutionary Base Area smashed the Kuomintang's three counter-revolutionary "encirclement and suppression" On September 18, 1931, Japanese imperialism launched the September 18 Incident In November, the First National Congress of the Chinese Soviets was convened, and the Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic was established On January 28, 1932, Japanese imperialism launched the "January 28" incident, and the 19th Route Army rose up to resist the war In March, the puppet "Manchukuo" manipulated by Japan was established In the spring of 1933, the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army smashed the Kuomintang's fourth counter-revolutionary "encirclement and suppression" In October 1934, the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army's fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression" failed, and the Red Army, the main force in the central revolutionary base areas, began the Long March In January 1935, the Zunyi Conference was held In February, the Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition Army was established In October, the Central Red Army triumphantly reached northern Shaanxi On December 9, the "December 9th" movement broke out In December, the Central Wayaobao Conference published "On the Strategy of Opposing Japanese Imperialism" In May 1936, the National Salvation Federation was established In October, the three main forces of the Red Army in the country triumphantly joined forces, and the Long March ended victoriously In December, the Xi'an Incident took shape, and the anti-Japanese national united front was initially formed Anti-Japanese War On July 7, 1937, the "Lugou Bridge Incident" began, and the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression began On July 15, the anti-Japanese declaration of the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was proposed On August 13, Japan launched the "August 13" incident In August, the Luochuan Conference promulgated the "Ten Programs for Resisting Japan and Saving the Country" In September, the Kuomintang promulgated the Declaration of Cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party to Resist Japan, and the Anti-Japanese National United Front was established The Eighth Route Army won a great victory In October, the Eighth Route Army established the first anti-Japanese base area, the Jinchaji Base Area In the spring of 1938, the Battle of Taierzhuang was won In May, "On Protracted War" was published.
In October, the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee was held Guangzhou and Wuhan were lost, and the War of Resistance entered a phase of stalemate At the end of 1939, ** repelled the Kuomintang for the first time **** In January 1940, he published "On New Democracy" From August to November, Peng Dehuai commanded the Eighth Route Army to launch the Battle of 100 Regiments In January 1941, the Kuomintang launched the second **** - the Southern Anhui Incident - In 1942, China adopted the principle of "three three systems", strengthened the construction of anti-Japanese democratic regime, implemented the policy of rent reduction and interest reduction, carried out large-scale production movement and rectification movement, carried out the struggle against "sweeping", and defended the liberated areas In June-July 1943, the Kuomintang was stopped for the third time In September 1944, Deputy Lin Boqu put forward the idea of abolishing the one-party dictatorship of the Kuomintang and organizing a democratic coalition government In April 1945, the "Seventh National Congress" was held On August 8, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan On August 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender On September 2, Japan formally signed the instrument of surrender Third Civil Revolutionary War August 28 - On October 10, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party negotiated in Chongqing and signed the "Double Tenth Agreement" In mid-to-late October, the battles of Shangdang and Handan smashed the local offensive of the Kuomintang In December, Kunming students launched the "12.1" patriotic movement On January 10, 1946, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party signed an armistice agreement The CPPCC session opened In June, the Kuomintang launched a full-scale civil war, and the Third Civil Revolutionary War began In December, students in Peking launched a protest against the atrocities committed by the US military On February 28, 1947, the people of Taiwan held the "February 28" uprising From March to July, the Battle of Yan'an and the Battle of Menglianggu smashed the Kuomintang's key offensive In May, students across the country launched a patriotic campaign against hunger, civil war, and persecution On June 30, Liu Deng's army advanced into Dabie Mountain In July, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) began a nationwide counteroffensive In September, the National Land Conference was held and the Outline of China's Land Law was promulgated.
In October, the Declaration of China's 100 Million People's Liberation Army was issued ** Proclamation of the three major economic programs of the new democratic revolution Liaoshen Campaign, September-November 1948 November- The Battle of Huaihai in January 1949 December- The Battle of Pingjin in January 1949 March 1949** Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee On April 21, Zhu De issued an order to march into the army, and the People's Liberation Army crossed the river to fight On April 23, Nanjing was liberated, and the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang came to an end On June 30, ** published "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship" On September 21, the first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference opened On October 1, the People's Republic of China was founded, the end of the democratic revolution and the beginning of the socialist revolution