The commander of the 1st Regiment faced a huge military map, and the chief of staff of the regiment, as well as the political commissar, and three people lay on the ground to study the problem of attack.The accurate maps are the work of the intelligence services, which have drawn up detailed maps of the whole of Japan more than two years ago.This battle against Shimonoseki Castle, although it was a temporary idea, President Moe wanted to fight temporarily, but it was not unprepared.Each place, what exactly it is used for, what the house looks like, what structure, where each street leads, is very detailed.Here, the battle at Shimonoseki Castle has not yet started, and there is chaos on the Korean side.While President Moe is sleeping, something is happening all over the world.A large-scale movement of Confucian and conservative officials against the opening of the port of Incheon and criticism of North Korea's tactics broke out in North Korea.
They impeached Jin Hongji and attacked the "Lord and Protector of Evil" important ministers, all the way up to King Gaozong.Under these circumstances, the DPRK government, under the pretext of sending personnel to China to study armaments, conveyed to Yi Hongzhang the intention of signing a treaty with Europe and the United States with a letter from the chief of the council, Yi Zhiying.Due to the domestic situation, the DPRK Government has all along wanted to use China's strength to ask China to preside over the signing of the DPRK-US agreement on its behalf.On the eve of the signing of the treaty of reconciliation between the DPRK and the United States, Li Hongzhang insisted that the DPRK send a plenipotentiary to negotiate directly with the US envoy, but Gojong and the ruling ministers refused to send a plenipotentiary representative in consideration of the changes in the domestic political situation.Shepel was already surrounded by Chinese troops and was ready to attack at any moment.But at this time, the North Koreans are still counting on the Americans, which is really ironic.The talks were held in Busan, and because the US representatives, wearing the masks of "helpers" and "protectors," stubbornly plotted to stipulate within the treaty the possibility of satisfying their aggressive goals to the greatest extent possible, the talks were protracted.In the course of the negotiations, the most contentious and sharply opposed issue was the terms concerning the relationship between China and the Lee government in North Korea.Chinese Foreign Minister Li Hongzhang was worried that the close ties between China and the DPRK, which were expressed in the traditional feudal suzerain-vassal relationship, would be broken and that the fundamental interests of the two purposes would be harmed, and he wanted to include in Article 1 of the DPRK-US Treaty the current state of Sino-DPRK relations, which were still maintained at that time.Therefore, Article 1 of the Chinese and DPRK proposal contains the words "China is a state and its political autonomy remains."
The purpose of this approach is to build an alliance against the invasion of the capitalist powers through this traditional relationship of "non-sticking and non-detachment".Thus, this relationship is not exactly similar to the traditional, feudal suzerain-vassal relationship, and still less to the strong nature of the suzerain-domain relationship imposed by the Western powers on the colonial protectorates.At that time, the Acting Minister of the United States was keenly aware of the nature of the latter difference.Therefore, Schaefer asked the American minister, who was stationed in Busan to negotiate, deliberately not to include such words in the treaty.The Americans were arrogant in the negotiations, insisting on imposing a series of unequal terms on the DPRK, and he did not hesitate to use the threat of force to do so.In one letter, he wrote: For China and Li Hongzhang, the only call and debate that gets taken seriously is force, so our policy should be based solely on American interests and pursued with the arguments they know about force, pressure, not persuasion.Under pressure from Schaefer, Li Hongzhang finally abandoned the controversial part of Article 1 on the condition that "after the conclusion of the treaty seek to declare" the traditional relationship between the Korean government and the Qing court.Schaefer did not object, but he did not answer positively.Throughout the negotiation process, Li Hongzhang and his aides always maintained close contacts and consultations with the DPRK envoy Kim Yun-sik, and during the talks between the Chinese and US representatives, China and the DPRK held talks six times.At the same time, Li Hongzhang continued to ask the North Korean government to send another senior official to negotiate with Sheppel, but the North Korean envoy was slow to act.Shin Heon, Minister Plenipotentiary of the DPRK, and Schaefer, the plenipotentiary representative of the United States, formally signed the DPRK-US Treaty of Reconciliation and Commerce with the participation of Chinese officials Ma Jianzhong and Ding Ruchang.The final signed text, with the exception of a clause prohibiting the export of rice grain from the port of Incheon, basically maintained the draft of the Tianjin Agreement.The first paragraph of the 14 paragraphs of the treaty stipulates: "If any injustice or contempt is committed by another country, it shall be known that it shall come to the aid of one another, and shall act as a sign of friendship and concern." ”This is what the North Korean side is most interested in and the US government likes to show off, but in fact, it is a cover for the US expansionist policy.The United States not only failed to fulfill its treaty obligations and provided aid to Korea when it was in danger, but also made Korea a victim of Japanese aggression and actively provided assistance to Japan.In addition, the treaty also stipulated: "Thereafter, the sovereign of the Great Korean State shall have any favors, favors, and benefits, as well as any benevolence, benevolence, and benefit to other countries or their merchants, whether in relation to the sea, navigation, commerce, trade, exchanges, etc., which shall be the same as that of the country and its Nam, and which is not covered by this treaty, shall also be allowed to be equal to the United States and the people."
U.S. persons have residency and consular jurisdiction in North Korea; North Korea's obligation to berth, ambulance, eat, and protect U.S. citizens for U.S. vessels; The United States enjoys "most-favored-nation status" in North Korea, and the low-rate tariff on imported goods "shall not exceed 10 percent of the estimated value of daily necessities."
With regard to the question of relations between Korea and China, it was finally decided that "the king of Korea should prepare a separate note and make a statement before the treaty was concluded."
The first paragraph of the treaty refers to the relevant provisions of the Sino-American Treaty of Tientsin in 1858 in order to remedy the shortcomings of the above approach.Li Hongzhang and his group of Western-style officials thought that through this design, they would be able to secure the traditional relations between the Qing government and Korea and contain Japan's actions in Korea.In fact, the US Government did not attach any importance to the note on the territory of the DPRK, which was like waste paper.The tragedy of China's Foreign Minister Li Hongzhang and his North Korean officials lies in their ignorance of the nature of US foreign policy and the ongoing formation of US-Japan collusion.As John Jon, the U.S. minister at the time, confessed, "There is not a single thing we did in Korea that was not to serve Japan in the end and to help that charming country in her interests."
While negotiating with others, preparing to fight, this is a trick that Huaguo has used.But this trick is tried.At least, that's how it was for Shepel and his army, who were now stationed in Shimonoseki Castle.The treaty of reconciliation between the DPRK and the United States was the first unequal treaty concluded between Korea and the capitalist countries of Europe and the United States, and laid the foundation for the enslavement of Korea by the Western powers.However, Hua's policy decision not only runs counter to the tradition of the suzerain's non-direct interference in its internal and foreign affairs, but also runs counter to the just feelings of the Korean people who have hated the US aggressors since the "late Sino-foreign disturbances."
When Gojong Li Xi ascended the throne, he was only 12 years old.worshiped his adoptive mother Zhao as the princess, and she listened to the government; He also named his biological father Li Yu as the king of the Xingxuan Courtyard and praised the government affairs.The administration of Heungseondaewonjun is considered by Korean historians to be the beginning of modern Korean history.As soon as Xingxuan Dayuan Jun took power, he showed extraordinary political talent.He began to cultivate his own power and initiated a process of reforms aimed at strengthening the centralization of authoritarianism.In 1866, the fifth year of Tongzhi, the Shenzhen queen Zhao withdrew the curtain, and the courtyard monarch took sole power.On the one hand, Daewonjun vigorously rejected the forces of the Andong Kim clan and expelled all of them from the imperial court, even the Pungyang Cho clan, who had helped him, and began to establish the long-lost royal majesty.At the same time, Gyeongbokgung Palace was rebuilt with great fanfare as a symbol of absolute monarchy.In addition, he carried out political, economic, and cultural reforms, trying to repair the edifice of the Joseon feudal dynasty; He also strictly pursued the policy of seclusion and religious persecution, set off the "Bingyin Evil Prison", and slaughtered tens of thousands of Catholics.At this time, Korea was already facing the crisis of aggression by Western capitalist countries, and it was even more prominent by the time of Gojong.As a result, it not only further undermined the traditional relationship between China and North Korea, greatly damaged the image of the suzerain, and accelerated the pace of opening up of the Min regime; The Korean strategy of "being pro-China, uniting with Japan, and uniting with the United States" put forward has also intensified the contradiction between the open and anti-liberal forces in the DPRK, and has also complicated the Korean issue day by day, causing the Japanese, the United States, and the Western powers to unscrupulously infiltrate their invading forces into the DPRK under the pretext that the DPRK is an "independent state," and to draw the DPRK deeply into the whirlpool of contention between the great powers in the Far East.Following the establishment of the treaty of reconciliation between the United States and North Korea, other Western powers followed suit, and Britain, Germany, Russia, France, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark and other countries signed similar treaties with Korea.The Min government, which had overwhelmed Daewonjun, made overtures to Japan for various reasons, and after adopting an open-door policy, it was opposed by all strata of the country.Among them, the Confucian scholars across the country, who usually believed in the seclusion of the country, were very dissatisfied with the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Japanese Invaders, and the Dayuanjun and his henchmen secretly instigated, hoping to take advantage of the chaos to return to the stage of power.The recital said: China is a country of oriental etiquette, and it is really undignified and foolish to conclude a treaty of friendship with the Japanese state.Although the foundation of Japan is different from that of the Yangyi, it can be contaminated with the customs of the Yangyi in recent times, which is really a fake Yangyi.Previously, the Governor of the Dayuan Prefecture had been wise enough to see this point and not associate with it, but now he had concluded a treaty of friendship with Japan, which was a very chilling move.The minister begged the Holy Lord to welcome the eunuch of the Courtyard Mansion from Yangzhou back to Yunxian Palace, and at the same time of filial piety, he ordered the eunuch of the Courtyard Mansion to correct the national policy that had been wronged so far.For the sake of the country's centennial plan, the ministers and other Confucian scholars are here to implore the Holy Chana.These people were obviously dissatisfied with Gaozong's pro-government, and advocated the regency of Daewonjun again.Concubine Min's clique was ignorant of the world situation, but she was well versed in the power struggle within the Li Dynasty, and Concubine Min investigated the people in detail through Gaozong, and sentenced Yoo Do-so, the leader of Yoo Do-so, the Confucian Li Rong-so, and the Taoist Lee Sang-cheol, and the Confucian Xu Seung-yeol to exile.However, the twists and turns that advocated welcoming the eunuch of the Dayuan Mansion from Yangzhou back to Yunxian Palace did not end it, but more and more.Hundreds of thousands of Confucian students across the country were even more indignant at the exile of Yoo Do-so and Lee Young-so, and they played one after another, and the radicals even fought to the death, gathering in front of the gate of Gyeongbokgung Palace to hold a sit-in demonstration.Like-minded Confucian scholars shared the same hatred and hatred, and strengthened organizational contacts in various places, and the leaders of various places often contacted each other, and at the same time kept writing letters, strongly demanding that the Dayuan Jun be welcomed back in order to reform political affairs.The situation was so tense that Concubine Min and her faction knew that it would be difficult to solve it with only suppression, and had to adopt a policy of softness towards the Confucian scholars.Although it was impossible to establish Dayuanjun as regent again, in order to appease Confucianism, the imperial court also had to welcome Dayuanjun back to Yunxian Palace from Yangzhou.The 1st Regiment of the 1st Field Division of the Chinese Army, which had more than 3,000 people, only took more than half an hour to lurk outside Xiaguan City.Shimonoseki Castle is said to be a city, but in fact it is only a wall with earthen walls, and it is not complete.There is an internal response of the Chinese army in Xiaguan City, which is an agent of the Statistics Bureau who had been ambushed earlier, and if it were not for the emergency, the agent would not normally be used.While the Japanese soldiers were still napping, the gates of the city were no longer known when they were opened.The soldiers defending the city were also killed one by one before dawn after a short period of time, when the soldiers were still napping.The Japanese army at Shimonoseki Castle was just over a thousand men.Located at the westernmost tip of Japan's main island of Honshu, Shimonoseki is the largest city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, surrounded by the sea on three sides, with beautiful scenery, and has been famous for its sea and land transportation since ancient times, and has developed commerce, fisheries, and agriculture.In addition, Shimonoseki is one of Japan's leading tourist destinations, with more than 7 million tourists visiting the area every year, and is known throughout the country as the "hometown of fugu", and the only place in Japan can you eat authentic fugu cuisine.There is the "Kakushima Bridge" of the beautiful island "Kakushimajima" that runs through the turquoise waters, and the "Kawatana Onsen" with a history of 1,400 years.There is also the "Joshita Town Governor's Mansion", which retains the architecture of the Edo period.The Americans' army numbered more than 2,000 men, all in the barracks in the city.Xue Peier naturally didn't think that the negotiations were underway, and besides, how could the Chinese army in Nagasaki, a few hundred miles away, casually hit Shimonoseki City in the dark dawn, the deep doorway, and the gate of Shimonoseki City opened silently, and at this time, Shimonoseki City was immersed in silence.More than 3,000 heavily armed warriors infiltrated the city of Shimonoseki Castle without making much noise.In less than 10 minutes, one by one the troops were in place, proving the execution of the first regiment of the first field division of the Chinese army, and even 3,000 people entered a city, and now it has been about 30 minutes, and there is no enemy to find until the trumpet of the charge sounds, and everyone is frightened to wake up t1706231537: