However, in such a situation, the Chinese Emperor still put forward the Asian Declaration, and did not hesitate, without hesitation, the Navy and the Army are different, the Army can implement various tactics, the Navy is completely a wave, the strength is supreme, although the tactics are also important, but the space for turnover is very small, there is no land war The style of play is flexible, it is very often heard that the land war defeats the strong with the weak, but the navy, it is very few, even if the weak side wins, the weak will not be much weaker, basically the opponent is still at the same grade, otherwise, If the strong stand still and let you fight, you may not be able to fight.With the current level of scientific and technological development, it is the era of standard ironclad ships, whose protection is thick, whose heavy artillery is fierce and fast, who is the boss, one warship after another, just like the heavyweight boxing champion in the boxing ring The rise of a big country, the first thing is enough strength, and the strength of strength is the basis for becoming a big country, but a big country is finally recognized as a big country by the international community, it is not just a matter of its own strength.On the road to becoming a great power, it will inevitably go through some major tests in its foreign relations, and successful powers will not only be able to withstand the tests, but more importantly, they will use these major events to lay a lasting diplomatic tradition as a great power.The influence of these traditions is strategic, and in turn it will be a powerful catalyst for growth.The Monroe Doctrine has carved out a strategically enduring tradition for American diplomacy.And the Chinese Emperor is now putting forward the Asian Declaration, which is also taking such a road, but the timing of the Chinese Emperor, it is not the Hua Emperor's choice, it is not the Hua Emperor's head, it is the Hua Huang who has no way back, and the little achievements he has just made will be wiped out at any time, and if the provinces of Siberia and Central Asia are taken away and the Japanese island of Kyushu is expelled, it may not be just a matter of erasure.What kind of jackals and vicious dogs are the great powers, it is very likely that they will become the Eight-Nation Alliance Army early, and they will pounce on Huaguo to share meat and eat together, it is not impossible to do so, so after Emperor Hua made this decision, he was deceiving himself by saying that he was not anxious, he could only silently forbear, restrained, and tried not to let people see his anxiety.In response to Canning's suggestion, there were two different opinions at the U.S. foreign policy level, with President Monroe and former Presidents Jefferson and Madison, who, despite distrusting Britain's intentions, believed that "the United States should form an alliance with the only great power that could do it harm in order to gain security, and that alliance would protect Latin America's independence, and perhaps the best way to deter the Holy Alliance from supporting Spain."
Secretary of State Adams, for his part, objected to the Cunning proposal, arguing that it would be much more upright and dignified to declare our principles to Russia and France than to act as a small ship trailing behind a British warship, and that the United States should speak its own way independently.According to the theory of national strategy, there are five types of national grand strategy: hegemony, self-help, evasion, hitchhiking, and transcendence.From the perspective of national strategy, the two different opinions of the US policymakers can be roughly classified as hitchhiking, self-help, and transcendence strategies, respectively.Monroe and others initially advocated accepting Canning's suggestion and issuing a statement together with Britain to use Britain to achieve the goal of maintaining Latin American independence and seeking American security, as Jefferson said, "With Great Britain we need not fear the whole world."
At that time, when the United States was weak and weak, this was an ideal choice, and it made sense that it could win the support of the majority of the American decision-makers at that time.However, this kind of strategy is a conservative and negative choice, and for a vigorous and powerful country that wants to make a difference, no major strategic choice can be left untouched.The Monroe Declaration was a positive choice, and it did not go along with the British proposal, but instead expressed its own independent views despite the initiative of the "superpowers" of the time, reflecting the great power spirit of an emerging country.At the same time, it transcended the disputes between the great powers, did not intervene in the possible confrontation and conflict of the great powers, and the Monroe Declaration did not target a specific country, did not set up an enemy for the United States, and catered to the needs of the "pan-Americanism" ideology that prevailed in Latin America at that time, so it was also widely welcomed by Latin American countries at that time.At a time when the United States was still weak for half a century of independence, the Monroe Doctrine showed the world that the United States had begun to exert its influence on the world as an independent power.The Monroe Declaration provoked different reactions from the Great Powers, but the end result was that Britain reluctantly accepted the Monroe Doctrine, the Holy Alliance suffered a heavy blow, and the United States won a diplomatic victory.Excluding other evaluative factors, the Monroe Declaration was a success from the point of view of national interests and strategies.In the history that followed, the Monroe Doctrine shaped the foreign relations of the United States for more than a century in fact and diplomatic style, and the future development and strength of the United States could not be separated from the role of the Monroe Doctrine.The Monroe Doctrine was promulgated at a time when the United States was weak in national strength, and its proposition and long-lasting impact were the result of the foresight of the US policymakers at that time; from the perspective of national strategy, the enlightenment was multifaceted, and its significance has gone beyond the Monroe Declaration and even international relations itself.First of all, the Monroe Doctrine embodies the positive impact of the advanced nature of a country's social system on foreign policymaking.Fundamentally speaking, diplomacy is the continuation of a country's internal affairs, and the level of diplomacy is to a large extent the embodiment of the domestic political situation, and an advanced political system that can stand the test can stimulate the vigorous and upward vitality of the people, and an advanced domestic political system will provide a suitable and efficient decision-making system for diplomacy, create a positive and enterprising diplomatic style, and be the source of the strength of active diplomacy.Moreover, the attractiveness of an advanced system is itself a huge advantage of diplomacy, attracting other countries to learn from their own systems and increase mutual trust, and its effect is irreplaceable by material forces.On the one hand, a backward political system determines the backwardness of the foreign policy-making system and the low administrative efficiency.
On the other hand, a backward domestic political system has often become a target of attack by other countries in diplomacy, and a great deal of energy of diplomats will be involved in dealing with the rationality of the interpretation system, and the strategic decision-making of diplomacy will inevitably be affected.It can be asserted that countries that do not have institutional attractiveness will be greatly constrained in their ability to exert their strength, and it will be difficult for them to grow into a lasting power.Ernst R.
May once pointed out that in the case of the Monroe Doctrine, its results are best understood through domestic politics.Adams's endorsement and eventual publication in the form of the Monroe Declaration was the product of America's appropriate foreign policy-making system.The democratic republican system was the most advanced social system of mankind before the birth of socialism.At that time, the absolute monarchy system was in an absolute dominant position in the world, and the shortcomings of the absolute monarchy system had been fully exposed at that time, and it had already shown a decline in Western European countries; In contrast, the political elite and ordinary people of the United States are full of confidence in the democratic republican system, and the isolationist ideology of the United States contains an understanding of the superiority of the democratic republican system, which separates the unique system of the United States from the autocratic system of the Old World.After all, the Monroe Declaration also contains an understanding of the superiority of its own political system.The "two-hemispheric doctrine" and the "non-expansion principle" in the Monroe Doctrine are based on the fact that the systems of Europe and the Americas are two completely different systems, including the belief that the democratic republican system established by the United States and the newly independent countries of the Americas is superior to the absolute monarchy of the Old World; The latter refers to the fact that the United States regards the attempts of the European powers to extend their backward autocracy and colonial system to the Americas as a threat to the peace and security of the United States, and opposes the Holy Alliance's restoration of the old system in Latin America.The "principle of non-colonization" and the "principle of non-intervention" also contain elements of the belief that a democratic republic is superior to an authoritarian colonial system.It cannot be ruled out that the Monroe Declaration issued by the policymakers of the United States at that time at a time when the country was at an absolute disadvantage, contained the element of full confidence in the democratic republican system, and the understanding of the superiority of the political system led to positive diplomatic action, although the material power required by the United States to play this role would not actually exist if it were further tested.The Monroe Doctrine has been widely welcomed in Latin American countries, also because Bolívar, San Martín and others aspire to establish a democratic republican system in Latin America, and their yearning for a common system has promoted the understanding of Latin America and the United States, and the superiority of the American political system has been transformed into a diplomatic advantage.Second, the Monroe Doctrine is a continuation and development of the determination and confidence of the American political elite to build a strong nation.It is up to a country to decide whether or not it wants to aspire to great power.When the strength is weak, the country often chooses the hitchhiking strategy to accumulate strength for the country's rise.However, in order for a country to eventually rise to become a great power, especially an emerging leading country, it should show a vigorous national mentality before establishing its status as a great power, show a strong desire and confidence in the people, especially at the elite level, to pursue a strong national strength, and present a positive and promising posture in its diplomatic style.In layman's terms, before the status of a major power is established, an emerging power must at least act like a great power.On the premise of maintaining harmony with the existing international system, at some critical moments, with the help of some major events, we can clearly express our independent position to the world in the posture of a great power, and not only declare to the world the influence that we should have as a great power, because the success of a country in striving for the status of a great power ultimately depends on the recognition of other countries, and it can also establish an enduring tradition for its own diplomacy, and the continuation of the diplomatic tradition of a strong country is the continuous driving force for a strong country.Of course, this does not mean that when the country's strength is not strong enough, it is necessary to assume more responsibilities than its strength allows, and to pursue an international status that cannot be achieved by its strength.The success of the Monroe Doctrine is also reflected in the fact that it lasted for a long time, and until the Emperor Hua crossed over from the modern era, the United States was still using this set of diplomatic ideas to guide the theory of American international diplomacy.During the reign of President Roosevelt, the Monroe Doctrine was pursued, and in his farewell speech, Washington expressed the idea of building a "great nation of freedom and progress" and setting up for mankind "a noble and novel example of a nation guided by justice and benevolence".After the founding of the United States, it pursued isolationist thinking for a long time, did not intervene in the disputes of major powers, and wholeheartedly improved its own strength, but in some major international events, the United States has begun to show the posture of an emerging power, in the treatment of France during the Great Revolution, in the 1812 American-British War, American diplomacy began to show its own characteristics, the Monroe Declaration was issued, and the United States stepped onto the international stage as an emerging power.Adams's opinion can be accepted by other American decision-makers, because of Adams's personal factors, and more importantly, Monroe and other decision-makers also have the ideal of pursuing a strong country, not that Adams has established a vital belief through the struggle of one person, but that Monroe has formed the thinking that the United States should be equal to Britain.The great power posture of the United States is also fully reflected in the Monroe Declaration, which shows that the United States was already a great power in 1823, and that the country already enjoyed the esteem it has today.Among other factors, the confidence and determination of the U.S. policymakers in the country's strength played a crucial role in the issuance of the Monroe Declaration.While isolationism remained generally maintained, at critical moments, U.S. policymakers seized the opportunity to win the approval of the Great Powers and inaugurate a continuing tradition.In fact, it was not until the Monroe Declaration was issued that the United States began to be regarded as a great power by the great powers of the time, and the status of a great power was accepted by the great powers.The Monroe Doctrine became "a capstone" for American diplomacy, inaugurating a new American diplomatic tradition that has endured for a long time.Finally, emerging powers need to lead international relations toward civilizational progress.Looking at the development process of the international community, we can see that the international community is constantly moving towards civilizational progress, and this trend has promoted the continuous progress and civilization of international relations.At the same time, the development of the international community is phased, and the international community has specific requirements of the times for the behavior and moral norms of major countries in different historical periods.In order to maintain the status of a great power and the rise of an emerging power, the existing powers will inevitably consciously or unconsciously conform their behavior and moral level to the requirements of the times and become the guide for the progress of the international relations system.
In the course of historical development, the great powers that cannot meet the requirements of the progress of the times will eventually be abandoned by the choices of history.The evolution of the international community from the initial state of war between everyone and everyone to a state of relative civilization is the inevitable result of historical progress.For emerging powers in the process of rising, it is not only necessary to strengthen its own strength, but also to introduce new norms for the international community in the field of international relations, and to lead the international relations of the era towards civilizational progress.Therefore, the Hua Huang's Asia Declaration will also be used as a long-term national policy of Chinese diplomacy.t1706231537: